FOOTNOTES

FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER I.

[1] Mr. and Mrs. Dickens had lunched in the Citadel on that May 27th, 1842, the admired guests of the officers of the Grenadier Guards stationed there.

[2] Lettres sur l'Amérique: X. Marmier. Paris, 1869.

[3] The Highlanders—78th, 79th, and 93rd.

[4] The New York Ledger.

[5] Before the era of the Allan line, sailing vessels used to land their living cargoes of forlorn emigrants in the Lower Town, sometimes after a passage of fourteen weeks.

CHAPTER II.

[6] Parkman thus heralds the advent of this foreign arrival from sea:—"A lonely ship sailed up the St. Lawrence. The white whales floundering in the Bay of Tadousac, and the wild duck diving as the foaming prow drew near,—there was no life but these in all that watery solitude, twenty miles from shore to shore. The ship was from Honfleur, and was commanded by Samuel de Champlain. He was the Aeneas of a destined people, and in her womb lay the embryo life of Canada." (Pioneers of France in the New World, p. 296.)

[7] Champlain calls Cape Diamond, Mont du Gas (Guast), from the family name of De Monts. He gives the name of Cape Diamond to Pointe à Puiseaux. See map of Quebec (1613.)

CHAPTER III.

[8] Six French Governors died and were buried in Quebec—Samuel de
Champlain, Count de Frontenac, M. de Mesy, De Callières, Marquis de la
Jonquière, and Marquis de Vaudreuil. Two English Governors—Lieut. Gen.
Hope and the Duke of Richmond.

[9] Up to 1617, and later, Cbamplain's residence was in the Lower Town, and stood nearly on the site of the Church of Notre-Dames des Victoires.

[10] John London MacAdam, the inventor of macadamized roads, was born in Ayr, Scotland, on the 21st September, 1756, and died at Moffat on the 26th November, 1836. The Parliament of Great Britain voted £2,000 to this benefactor of the human race. Macadamized roads, like several other useful inventions, met with many obstacles in Quebec. Some of the loudest to denounce this innovation were the carriage builders, who augured that good roads, by decreasing the bills for repairs to carriages, would ruin their industry, that their "usefulness would be gone."

[11] Jesuit's Journal, page 89. Vide Appendix—Verbo, Horses.

[12] The Journal des Jésuites, published by Geo. Desbarats in 1874, under the supervision of the learned Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain, from the copy in the Archives of the Quebec Seminary, though fragmentary, throws valuable light on many points in Canadian History. We clip the entry for 1st January, 1646, as summarized in the Glimpses of the (Ursuline) Monastery, respecting the custom of New Year's visits and presents; this entry will further introduce us to some of the denizens of note in Quebec in 1646:—We meet with the first seigneur of Beauport, Surgeon Robert Giffard, who had settled there in 1634; the Royal Engineer and Surveyor, Jean Bourdon; J. Bpte. Couillard, the ancestor of the Quebec Couillards, of late years connected by marriage with the Quebec DeLérys; Mdlle. de Repentigny, a high-born French lady; the founder of the Ursuline Monastery, the benevolent Madame de la Peltrie; the devoted Sillery missionary, Father de Quen; without forgetting our old Scotch friend, Pilot Abraham Martin, who, from the nature of the gift bestowed, it seems, could relish his glass, and evidently was not then what we now call a "Neal Dow man."

January, 1st, 1646.—The soldiers went to salute the Governor with their guns; the inhabitants presented their compliments in a body. He was beforehand with us, and came here at seven o'clock to wish us a 'Happy New Year,' addressing each of the Fathers one after another. I returned his visit after Mass. (Another time we must be beforehand with him.) M. Giffard also came to see us. The hospital nuns sent us a letter of compliment early in the morning; the Ursulines also, with beautiful presents, wax candles, rosaries, a crucifix, and, at dinner, two excellent pigeon-pies. I sent them two images, in enamel, of St. Ignatius and St Francois Xavier. We gave to M. Giffard the 'Life of Our Lord,' by F. Bonnet; to M. des Châtelets, a little volume of Drexellius on Eternity; to M. Bourdon, a telescope and compass, and to others, reliquaries, rosaries, medals, images, etc. We gave a crucifix to the woman who washes the Church linen, a bottle of rum to Abraham, and four handkerchiefs to his wife; some books of devotion to others, and two handkerchiefs to Robert Haché; he asked for more and we gave them to him. I went to see M. Giffard, M. Couillard and Mademoiselle de Repentigny. The Ursulines sent to beg I would come and see them before the end of the day. I went; and paid my compliments also to Madame de la Peltrie, who had sent us presents. I was near leaving this out, which would have been a great oversight. At home, I gave to our Fathers and Brothers what I thought they would like best. I had given beforehand to F. De Quen, for Sillery, all he chose to take from my room, and a choice present for Father Masse."—Journal, p. 24.

[13] Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada, Vol. III., p. 384.

[14] History of Emily Montague, 4 Vols., 1767—London.

[15] The "dear man," in a concluding paragraph, dated 1st July, 1766, to John Temple, Esq., Pall-Mall, London, says: "Adieu! I am going to attend a very handsome French lady, who allows me the honour to drive her en calashe to our Canadian Hyde Park, the road to St. Foix, where you will see forty or fifty calashes, with pretty women in them, parading every evening."—(History of Emily Montague, Vol. I., p. 25.) The handsome Colonel Rivers, who so fancied his drives on the Foye road in 1766, the writer was told by Hon. W. Sheppard, was no other than the gallant Colonel Henry Caldwell, Wolfe's Assistant Quartermaster-General at the battle of the Plains, in 1759—the "Laird of Belmont"—who died at Quebec in 1810, a friend, no doubt, of the clever Mrs. Brookes who wrote this novel.

[16] Histoire de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec (Mère Juchereau, 511.)

[17] Histoire de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Casgrain, p. 81.

[18] To Let.—That elegant house, No. 6 Port Louis Street, lately occupied by H.R.H. Prince Edward, and at present by the Lord Bishop of Quebec. For particulars, apply to Miss Mabane, or to Munro & Bell, Quebec.—4th March, 1794 (Quebec Gazette, 1794.)

[19] Montgomery's House is now a much frequented stand for the sale of cigars, candies, newspapers, &c., to tourists.

[20] William Brown, uncle to the Neilsons, was a Scotchman from Philadelphia, who had been induced to print a journal in Quebec from the representations and information he had collected from William Laing, a Quebec merchant tailor, whom he had met in Scotland.

[21] Twenty-four years in advance of the London Times, founded in 1778, but twelve years after the Halifax Gazette, published in Halifax, N.S., in March, 1762, by one John Bushnell.

[22] The first books printed in Quebec were:—
  "Catéchisme Montagnais," 1767.
  "Lettre sur la Ville de Québec," 1774.
  "Cantique de Marseilles," 1776.

In Montreal:—
  "Réglement de la Confrérie de l'Adoration Perpétuelle du Saint Sacrement
    et de la Bonne Mort," Mesplet & Berger, 1776.
  "Jonathan and David, a tragedy, a book of 40 pages," Mesplet & Berger,
    1776.
  "Officium Sacerdotum," Mesplet & Berger, 1777.
—(Montreal Prize Questions in Canadian History.)

[23] The mode of consulting a Roman lawyer was this: the lawyer was placed on an elevated seat, the client, coming up to him said Licet consulere? The lawyer answered, consule. The matter was then proposed, and an answer returned very shortly, thus: Quaero an existimes, vel, id jus est, nec ne? Secundum ea, quae proponuntur, existimo, placet, puto.— (Adams' Roman Antiquities, 201.)

Lawyers gave their opinions either by word of mouth or in writing, commonly without any reasons annexed, but not always.

The lawyers of these days do not, as a rule, see their clients quite so early in the morning as those of Rome did.

  Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus
  Sub galli cantum, consultor ubi ostia pulsat.

  Romae dulce diu fuit et solemne, reclusa
  Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere jura.

[24] La Hontan, I., 21 (Ed. 1705). In some editions the above is expressed in different language—(From Parkman's Old Regime, p. 270.)

[25] It lines a space in rear, on which the Imperial Government erected, for the British troops in garrison, the Military Hospital. Since 1872, it is used as a temporary Court House, in lieu of the old Court House, built in 1814, and destroyed by fire in 1871. A high wall to the south-east, encloses a lofty eminence surmounted by a flagstaff—the Mont Carmel mentioned by La Potherie, Charlevoix and other old writers. The French had a Cavalier here. A little Eden of flowers, adjacent to the residence of the member for the County of Quebec, Hon. Adolphe P. Caron, Minister of Militia, and son of the late Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. R. E. Caron, now enlivens this eminence. On the same side of the street, about one hundred feet to the east, facing Parloir street, still exists a high-peaked old tenement, to which a livery stable is attached. This house is said to occupy the site on which, in 1759 stood the dwelling of Dr. Arnoux, Jr., the French surgeon under whose roof the gallant Montcalm was brought about noon, on his way from the lost battle of the Plains.

[26] Smith's History of Canada, Vol. II, p. 92. Diary of Siege of 1776. Lit. and Hist. Society Pub., fourth series, p. 9.

[27] In accepting the Château St. Louis as the spot where Montcalm expired, we still wish to leave the question an open one. Did Montcalm expire at the Château, under Dr. Arnoux's roof, at the General Hospital, as averred by Capt. John Knox, or, possibly, under his own roof on the ramparts, near Hope Gate? This point is not yet cleared up. See disquisition in Album du Touriste "Où est mort Montcalm?"

[28] On the 9th July, 1755, De Beaujeu won this brilliant victory.

[29] The 8th July, 1758, has been rendered famous by Montcalm and his regulars and Canadian militia at Carillon.

[30] Louis Honoré Fréchette, born at the town of Levis, opposite to Quebec—went through a classical course at the Quebec Seminary—studied for the Bar, recently member of parliament for his native county, Levis, under the present Judge for the Kamouraska District, Hon. Henri Taschereau. Represented his native county of Levis in the Commons Parliament from 1873 to 1878. His poetical effusions were published, at Quebec, in 1863, in a small volume, intituled "Mes Loisirs"; in 1877, a more extensive collection was published under the title of "Pêle-Mêle." He was awarded in 1880, by the Académie Française of Paris, the Grand Prix Monthyon, 2,000 francs. In April, 1881, Queen's College conferred on Mr. Fréchette the degree of Doctor of Laws, and McGill University also made him an LL.D. Since his marriage in Montreal to Mdlle. Beaudry, the poet resides in that city.

[31] A magnificent banquet had just previously been given to Mr. Fréchette.

[32] The greatest of French Canada's poets died at St. Malo, France, in June 1880, an exile—and fugitive from Justice.

[33] Parkman's Old Regime, p. 192.

[34] Bouchette—Topography of Lower Canada, 1815.

[35] "There were in that forte and habitation thereof four brasse pieces each weighing about 150 lbs. weight, another piece of brasse ordinance weighing eighty lbs. weight, five iron boxes of shot, for the five brasse pieces of ordinance; two small iron pieces of ordinances weighing each eight cwt. six murderers with their double boxes or chargers, one small piece of ordinance weighing about eighty lbs., forty-five small iron bullets for the service of the aforesaid; five brasse pieces, six iron bullets for the service of the aforesaid, twenty-six brasse-pieces weighing only three lbs. each, thirty or forty lbs. of gunpowder all belonging to M. de Caen, of Dieppe; about thirty lbs. of mettle belonging to the French King; thirteen whole and one broken musket, a harquebush, two large harquebueses five or six foote longe, a piece belonging to the Kinge; five or six thousand leaden bulletts, plate and bars of lead belonging, sixty corselletts whereof two are compleat and pistoll proof; two great brasse pieces weighing eighty lbs., one pavilion to lodge about twenty men belonging to the Kinge, a smith's fordge with appurtenances, all necessaries for a carpenter, all appurtenances of iron work for a windmill; a handmill to grind corn; a brass bell belonging to the said merchants, and about 2,500 to 3,000 beaver skins in the magazines, and some cases of knives and the forte belonging to the Kinge, and the habitations and houses then belonging to the said merchants were all left standing. * * * * *

"That there were not any victualls or ordinance, sustenance for men in the said forte at the time of taking it, the men in the same having lived by the space of two months before upon nothing but rootes." (THE CONQUEST OF CANADA, 1629, by Kirke, p. 76-7.)

[36] A detailed account of the picturesque interview between Count de Frontenac and Sir Wm. Phipps' envoy in 1690, will be found in Quebec Past and Present, p. 122.

[37] This sketch of the old Château in 1804, now forms part of the historical album of the writer, through the kindness of Mr. Parkman.

[38] "Toronto of Old," H. Scadding, D.D., Toronto, 1873, p. 122-3.

[39] The name of Lennox in 1819, was indeed a familiar one in the highways and byways of old Stadacona. There were three brothers, we are told, sons of the Duke; Lord Charles, Lord William Pitt, Lord Arthur Lennox; more than one of them are said to have had a hand in some of the practical jokes so much to the fancy of Quebec military men, barristers, &c, in 1819, some of whom still survive, demure grandfathers, at present.

[40] John Galt, novelist, dramatist, historian, the genial author of "Lawrie Todd," "Annals of the Parish," "The Laird," "Stanley Buxton," "The Radical," "Eben Erskine," "The Stolen Child," "Majolo," "Omen," "Kathelun," "Ringan Gilhaize," "Spaewife," "Sir Andrew Wylie," "Provost," "Entail," "Steamboat," "The Life of Byron," and other works. Born at Irvine, in Ayrshire, on the 2nd May, 1779, died at Greenock, 11th April, 1839. He came to Canada in 1827, as Secretary to the Canada Land Company, which he had originated, and one of the five Commissioners (Colonel Cockburn, Sir John Harvey, John Galt, Mr. McGillivray and Mr. Davidson) named by England for the valuation of the Province of Upper Canada. This remarkable man was the founder of Galt, Goderich, Guelph, and other western cities, and was the father of three sons, John, Thomas and Sir Alexander Tilloch, the last at present our chargé d'affaires in London.

[41] See Quebec, Past and Present, page 454.

[42] For full particulars about St Andrew's Church, see "Quebec, Past and Present," pages 404-5.

[43] Adam, the oldest; John lost at sea on his voyage to England, in the fall of 1775; and Matthew, who, later on, we think was a partner in the old firm of Lymburner & Crawford, came to his end, in a melancholy manner at the Falls of Montmorency, about 1823. Were they all brothers? we cannot say. Adam and John were.

[44] Mrs. Widow Arch. Campbell closed her long career at Quebec, in November, 1880.

[45] John Sewell, Capt. in 49th (Brock's Regiment), and Lt-Col. Volunteers
in 1837.
  William Smith Sewell; late Sheriff of Quebec, died 1st June, 1866.
  Edmund Willoughby Sewell, Clerk in Holy Orders.
  Robert Shore Milnes Sewell, Advocate, died 9th May, 1834.
  Maria May Livingstone Sewell, widow of Major Henry Temple, 15th
    Regiment, died at Quebec in April, 1881.
  Henrietta Sewell, wife of Rev. Dr. Frs. J. Lundy, died 17th Nov. 1847.
  Henry Doyle Sewell, Clerk in Holy Orders.
  James Arthur Sewell, M.D., Professor at Laval University.
  Montague Charles Sewell, died 28th February, 1859.
  Charlotte DeQuincy Sewell, died 31st December, 1826.
  Fanny Georgina Sewell, wife of Capt. Trevor Davenport, 1st "Royals."
  Eliza Janet Sewell, wife of John Ross, Esq., died 8th May, 1875.
  Algernon Robinson Sewell, Lt.-Col. 15th Regiment, died 10th January,
    1875.

[46] Histoire de Marie de l'Incarnation, par l'Abbé H. R. Casgrain.

[47] The old homestead, successively owned by Messrs. Timothy H. Dunn and Joseph Shehyn, M.P.P., and now by Mr. J. O. Vallières, was erected in 1812 for Capt. Benjamin LeMoine, Canadian Militia, the writer's father.

[48] A detailed sketch of this great educational institution, descriptive of its origin and constitution, galleries of paintings, museum, library etc., appears at page 361 of "Quebec, Past and Present," to which the reader is referred. We purpose to note the changes which have taken place since the publication of that work only.

[49] In 1808, among other notabilities on the Rue des Pauvres, we find that, as appears by a notarial deed of transfer, in the Woolsey estate, before J. Plante, N.P., 28th March, 1808, a grand old relic of the Canadian noblesse, la Baronne de Longueuil, the widow of the late Captain David Alexander Grant, of the 94th regiment—to whom she had been united in wedlock at Quebec, on the 7th May, 1781. She then dwelt there in a house belonging to her husband's uncle, the Honorable William Grant (who had died at Quebec in 1805), though her usual abode was on the picturesque family property—on the Island of St. Helen, opposite Montreal. This island was purchased by the Imperial authorities for military purposes about 1815. The dignified, accomplished and queenly old Baronne expired at Montreal on the 7th February, 1841, aged 86 years. Her grandson, Charles Colmore Grant, of London England, now bears the title of Baron de Longueuil, in virtue of the gracious recognition of our Sovereign, as set forth in the London (Royal) Gazette of the 4th December, 1880, and Canada Gazette of the 21st January, 1881.

[50] The following was composed by the late Hon J. Sewell, Chief Justice of Lower Canada:—

ADDRESS

Spoken at the Opening of the Quebec Royal Theatre, February 15, 1832.

  Ye sons of pity, whose kind acts proclaim
  How much you glory in true English fame,
  In fame which rests on deeds of solid worth
  And kindred feelings for the peopled earth:
  Ye too, fair dames, whose daily conduct shows
  How much ye feel in heart, for others woes
  Who by compassion led, have hither come
  To grace these walls and soften mis'rys doom,
  We bid you welcome all—and what you see
            [Looking around the House]
  Thus dedicate to you and charity
            [Bowing to the audience]
  By the kind bounty which you now bestow
  You will assuage the pangs of human woe,
  To infant suffering and to aged grief
  You will afford prompt solace and relief,
 The famished penitent who stole for bread
  Snatched from his wants will once more raise his head
  The sickly wretch upon his bed of straw
  Will pine no longer, but will quickly draw
  From your resources, the comfort he requires
  To sooth his pains, and quench a fever's fires;
   And houseless strangers will no longer meet
  Their fete in storms, and perish in the street.

[51] See appendix for list of executions.

[52] The Earl of Dalhousie, Sir James Kempt, John Adams, Edmund William
Romer Antrobus, Charles Ardouin, Thomas Cushing Aylwin, Frederick Baddely,
Henry W. Bayfield, Francis Bell, Henry Blake, Edward Bowen, William Brent,
Joseph Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes Bouchette, Joseph Bouchette, junior,
George Bourne, Judge Burton, Edward Burroughs, John Caldwell, Hugh
Caldwell, Archibald Campbell, Charles Campbell, John Saxton Campbell, John
Cannon, Edward Caron, John P. Cockburn, Andrew Wm. Cochran, Thos. Coffin,
James Cuthbert, John Davidson, Wm. H. A. Davies, Dominick Daly, Jerome
Demers, Edward Desbarats, Frederick Desbarats, Robert D'Estimauville,
William Dudley Dupont, William Bowman Felton, John Charlton Fisher, John
Fletcher, William Finlay, James B. Forsyth, John Fraser, John Malcolm
Fraser, Francois Xavier Garneau, Augustin Germain, Manly Gore, William
Green, Louis Gugy, John Hale, James Hamilton, Andre Rémi Hamel, Joseph
Hamel, Victor Hamel, Aaron Hart, James Harkness, William Henderson,
Frederick Ingall, William Kemble, William Kelly, James Kerr, Pierre
Laforce, Louis Lagneux, William Lampson, Pierre de Salles Laterrière,
Thomas Lee, junior, Joseph Légaré, Henry Lemesurier, Thomas Lloyd, William
Lyons, Frederick Maitland, John McNider, William McKee, William King
McCord, Roderick McKenzie, John Langley Mills, Thomas Moore, Joseph
Morrin, George J Mountain, Henry Nixon, Charles Panet, Joseph Parent,
Etienne Parent, Augustus Patton, Francois Xavier Perrault, Joseph Francois
Perrault, William Power, Francis Ward Primrose, William Price, Rémi
Quirouet, William Rose, John Richardson, Randolph I. Routh, William Sax,
Jonathan Sewell, Edmund Sewell, Robert S M. Sewell, William Sheppard,
Peter Sheppard, Joseph Skey, William J. Skewes, William Smith, James
Smilie, William Stringer, Charles James Stewart, Lord Bishop of Quebec,
Sir James Stuart, David Stuart, Andrew Stuart, Joseph Signay, Robert
Symes, Jean Thomas Taschereau, John Peyfinch Thirlwall, Henry Truder,
Joseph Rémi Valières de St. Real, Geo. Vanfelson, Norman Fitzgerald
Umacke, George Usborne, George A Wanton, Gustavus Wicksteed, Daniel
Wilkie, George Willing, Thomas William Willan, George Wurtele and Jonathan
Wurtele. After half a century the survivors are Gen. Baddely, Gustavus
Wicksteed, Revd Edmund Sewell, John Fraser, Admiral Bayfield and Thomas
Lloyd.

[53] Now the mansion of the Hon. Pantaléon Pelletier, Senator.

[54] LOSSING'S FIELD BOOK, Vol. I, p. 195, thus describes the dress of the invaders: "Each man of the three rifle companies (Morgan's, Smith's, and Hendrick's) bore a rifle barreled gun, a tomahawk or small axe, and a long knife, usually called a scalping knife, which served for all purposes in the woods. His underdress, by no means in a military style, was covered by a deep ash-coloured hunting shirt, legging and moccasins if the latter could be procured. It was a silly fashion of those times for riflemen to ape the manners of savages." "The Canadians who first saw these (men) emerge from the woods, said they were vêtus en toile—clothed in linen. The word toile was changed to tôle, iron plated. By a mistake of a single word the fears of the people were greatly increased, for the news spread that the mysterious army that descended from the wilderness was clad in sheet-iron."

[54a] "The flag used by what was called the Continental troops, of which the force led into Canada by Arnold and Montgomery was a part, was of plain crimson, and perhaps sometimes it may have had a border of black. On the 1st January, 1776, the army was organized, and the new flag then adopted was first unfurled at Cambridge, at the head-quarters of General Washington, the present residence of the poet Longfellow. That flag was made up of thirteen stripes, seven red and six white, but the Union was the Union of the British flag of that day, blue bearing the Cross of St Andrew combined with the cross of St George and a diagonal red cross for Ireland. This design was used by the American Army till after the 14th June, 1777, when Congress ordered that the Union should be changed, the Union of the English flag removed and in its place there should be a simple blue field with thirteen white stars, representing the thirteen colonies declared to be states. Since that time there has been no change in the flag except that a star is added as each new state is admitted. The present number being thirty-eight."—W. O. HOWELLS.

[55] Extract from the Quebec Gazette, May 1st, 1794.

"CLUB."

"The Gentlemen who served in the Garrison of Quebec in 1775-76, are acquainted that their Anniversary Dinner will be held at Ferguson's Hotel on Tuesday, 6th May.

Dinner to be on Table at half-past-four o'clock.

  The Honble. A. de Bonne,\
    " " J. Walker, \ Esquires
  Simon Fraser Senr., / Stewards,
  James Frost, /
  John Coffin, junr., Secretary.

Quebec, 25th April, 1794."

[56] Date of departure of invaders in 1776.

[57] Natanis and his brother Sabatis, and seventeen other (Abenaquis) Indians, the nephews and friends of Sabatis, marched with Arnold to Quebec.—(Henry's Journal, page 75.) This may account for their successful venture through the trackless wilderness between Massachusetts and Quebec.

[58] Faucher de Saint Maurice.

[59] A memorable Indian Council was held in the court of the Jesuits' College, on 31st August, 1666.

[60] Mr. Faucher de Saint Maurice having been, in 1878, charged by the Premier, Hon. Mr. Joly, to watch the excavations and note the discoveries, in a luminous report, sums up the whole case. From this document, among other things, we glean that the remains of the three persons of male sex are those of:

1. Père François du Péron, who died at Fort St. Louys (Chambly) 10th November, 1665, and was conveyed to Quebec for burial.

2. Père Jean de Quen, the discoverer of Lake St. John, who died at Quebec, on 8th October, 1659, from the effects of a fever contracted in attending on some of the passengers brought here that summer by the French ship "Saint André."

3. Frère Jean Liégeois, scalped 29th May, 1655, by the Agniers at Sillery—(the historian Ferland assigns as the probable spot, the land on which the late Lieutenant-Governor Caron built his mansion "Clermont," now occupied by Thomas Beckett, Esquire.) The remains of this missionary, when excavated, were headless—which exactly agrees with the entry in the Jesuits' Journal, May, 1655, which states that Jean Liégeois was scalped—his head cut off and left at Sillery, while his mutilated body, discovered the next day by the Algonquins, the allies of the French, was brought to Sillery, (probably the Jesuits' residence, the same solid old structure close to the foundations of the Jesuits' chapel and monument at the foot of the Sillery Hill, which many here have seen), from whence it was conveyed to the Lower Town in a boat and escorted to the Jesuits' College, with the ceremonies of the R. C. Church.

[61] Three Nuns of the Hôtel-Dieu Convent, according to authorities quoted by Mr. Faucher, were buried in the vault (caveau) of the Jesuits' Chapel. The sisterhood had been allowed the use of a wing of the Jesuits' College, where they removed after the conflagration of the 7th June, 1755, which destroyed their hospital.

4. Mère Marie Marthe Desroches de Saint-François-Xavier, a young woman of 28 years, who succumbed to small-pox on the 16th August, 1755.

5. Mère de l'Enfant-Jésus, who expired on the 12th May, 1756.

6. Mère de Saint-Monique, who died in July, 1756, the victim of her devotion in ministering to the decimated crew of the ship "Leopard," sunk in the port by order of Government to arrest the spread of the pestilential disease which had raged on the passage. Mr. Faucher closes his able report with a suggestion that a monument ought to be raised, to commemorate the labours and devotion of the Jesuits, on the denuded area on which stood their venerable College.

Relation de ce qui s'est passé lors des Fouilles faites par ordre du Gouvernement dans une partie des fondations du COLLÈGE DES JÉSUITES de Québec, précédée de certaines observations par FAUCHER DE SAINT MAURICE. Quebec. C. Darveau—1879.

[62] Pierre DuCalvet was sent under warrant of Gen. Haldimand, a prisoner on 29th September, 1780, on board the "Canceaux." He was then removed on 14th November, 1780, to the Military prison in Quebec, where he remained until the 13th December, 1781, when the Provost Martial, Miles Prentice placed him at the Franciscan convent, under the charge of Father DeBerey, where he remained until the 2nd May, 1784. He followed Governor Haldimand who had sailed in the "Atalante" on the 26th November, 1784, to England, to sue him in an English Court of Justice for illegal arrest, and was lost at sea in the "Shelburne" on his return to Canada.

[63] The following inscription was on the coffin plate:

  (1) Count Frontenac—"Cy gyt le Haut et Puissant Seigneur, Louis de
      Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur-Général de la Nouvelle-France.
      Mort à Québec, le 28 novembre 1698."—(Hist. of Canada, Smith,
      Vol. 1, p. 133.)

  (2) Gov de Callières.—"Cy gyst Haut et Puissant Seigneur, Hector de
      Callières, Chevalier de Saint-Louis, Gouverneur et Lieutenant-
      Général de la Nouvelle-France, décédé le 26 mai 1703."—(Ibid.,
      p. 148.)

(3) Gov. de Vaudreuil.—"Cy gist Haut et Puissant Seigneur, Messire Philippe Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, Grande Croix de l'Ordre Militaire de Saint-Louis, Gouverneur et Lieutenant-Général de toute la Nouvelle-France décédé le dixième octobre 1725."—(Ibid., p. 190.)

(4) M. de la Jonquière—"Cy repose le corps de Messire Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de la Jonquière, Baron de Castlenau, Seigneur de Hardars-magnas et autres lieux, Commandeur de l'Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, Chef d'Escadre des Armées Navales, Gouverneur et Lieutenant-Général poor le Roy en tout la Nouvelle- France, terres et passes de la Louisiane. Décédé à Québec, le 17 mai 1752, à six heures-et-demie du soir, âgé de 67 ans."—(Ibid., p. 222.)

[64] Faillon, Vol. III, p. 372.

[65] The laying of the corner stone of this lofty building whose proportions must have seemed colossal to our fathers, was done with grand masonic honors on the 14th August, 1805, by the Hon. Thos. Dunn, President of the Province of Lower Canada, and administrator of the Government, assisted by William Holmes, Esq., M.D., Deputy Grand Master of Ancient and Accepted Free-Masons. Several coins of that reign were deposited under the stone. Amongst the members of the craft, we find the names of Joseph Bouchette, Claude Dénéchaud, Joseph Plante, Angus Shaw, Thomas Place, David Monro, the architect's name is Edward Cannon, grand-father of Messrs. Ed. J. Lawrence and James Cannon, our esteemed fellow-citizens; Rev. Dr. Sparks delivered a splendid oration, to be found in the Quebec Mercury, of 17th August, 1805.

  Hujusce Fori Municipalis, Anglicè UNION HALL, ex Senates provincialis
                          consulto erecti,
      THOMAS DUNN Vir Honorabilis Provinciae Proetectus Politiaeque
            Administrator. Adstantibus et Curatioribus Selectis.

  Hon. John Young Praese, Hon. John Antoine Panet Comitiae
                         Provincialis Rogatore.
             Jonathan Sewell Armigero Cognitore Regio,
       John Painter et John Blackwood, Armigeris, Pacis
                             Curatoribus;
         Joseph Bouchette Armigero Mensorum Principali,
  John Caldwell, Claude Dénéchaud, John Coltman, John Taylor, Joseph
       Plante, Angus Shaw, Thomas Place et David Monro,
                         de Quebec Armigeris,
    Nec non et multis Latomorum hujus Urbis, quorum William
                          Holmes Armiger,
   M D fuit summus Magister Deputatus, adjuvantibus, hunc primum Lapidem
          posuit, dei XIV. Mensis Sextilis, Anno Salutis MDCCCV.
                       Nummi quoque Regis Regnantis
                              GEORGE III.
                            Suppositi sunt,
                            Videlicet.

Nummus Aureus Anglicè Guinea, aureum etiam Dimidium ejus et Triens; Nummus argenteus solidos quinque Anglicos valans, solidus dimidium solidi, et quarta pars; nummus Aeranus denarios duos Anglicos valens; denarius obolus; et quadrans. EDWARD CANNON, Architectus.

[66] A MONUMENT OF THE OLDEN TIME.—Inserted in the wall enclosing the lot of ground between Buade street and the Basilica, about midway from the front entrance of the church, is to be seen a slab of very fine marble, bearing the following inscription. It is the only one in the plate:—

                              "In memory
                                  of
                                 Mary,
                      wife of Thomas Ainslie, Esq.,
              Collector of His Majesty's Customs of Quebec,
                       who died March 14th, 1767,
                             aged 25 years.
                  If Virtues Charms had pow'r to save
                 Her faithful votaries, from the grave;
                  With Beauty's ev'ry form supply'd
                  The lovely AINSLIE ne'er had died."

[67] John Hale who died in 1842, had six sons: 1st, Edward, who died at Quebec in May, 1874; 2nd, Jeffery Hale; 3rd, Miss Hale; 4th, Bernard Hale, now in England; 5th, Richard Hale, late 81st; 6th, William, late Capt. 52nd, who died at Ste. Anne, district of Three Rivers, about 1845; 7th, Mrs. Hotham; 8th, George Hale; 9th, Miss Elizabeth Harriet Hale, who in 1838 married Commander John Orlebar, R.N.

[68] We are indebted to Professor H. LaRue, M.D., for the following notes relative to an address delivered by him at a dinner given by the Notaries Public in 1872:—"The first physician who entered Quebec narrowly escaped being hung," says Dr. LaRue. "I said that he had narrowly escaped the gallows; had he been hung I would not say it. It occurred thus:—Champlain had just landed in the Lower Town and had laid the foundation of his abode, when some of his followers hatched a plot against his life. The scheme leaked out, the ring leader was arraigned, found guilty and hung; so far as I know, this was the first execution which took place in Canada. Some how or other, Surgeon Bonnerme, one of Champlain's followers, was mixed up in the matter, imprisoned, but his innocence having shortly after been established, he was acquitted. Dr Bonnerme died the following year (1609) at Quebec, of scurvy. If Bonnerme was the first physician who came to Quebec, he was not, for all that, the first medical man who landed in New France; another had preceded him: Louis Hebert, the first citizen of Quebec and of all Canada. Before Hebert's day the French who came to Quebec came there for no other object than barter, hunting and fishing; none had thought of settling permanently there. Louis Hebert was the first proprietor in Quebec, the first land owner in Canada; as such, historians recognize him as the first Citizen of Quebec—the first Canadian: a surgeon, let us bear in mind. Louis Hebert visited New France in 1606, two years before the foundation of Quebec. He spent the winter of 1606-7—a merry one—at Port Royal, Acadia, in the company of Samuel de Champlain and Lescarbot. Lescarbot was the first lawyer who found his way to New France; Lescarbot was the first historian of the country; he was gifted with wit—a proclivity to mild satire; each page of his history reveals the lawyer familiar with the Bar and its lively forensic display. The winter of 1606-7, at Port Royal, was remarkable for good cheer; appetising repasts, the product of the chase or of the sea, were the order of the day to that extent that Lescarbot declared that Port Royal fare was as recherché as that of Rue aux Ours, in Paris—apparently the "Palais Royal" of the French capital in those times. The third or fourth physician of New France was Robert Giffard, Seignior of Beauport, who also was the first settler in that parish; not only was Giffard the first resident of Beauport, but, I have reason to believe, he was also the first settler— habitant—of the rural districts in Canada. Thus, the first citizen of all Canada would appear to have been a physician; thus, after Champlain the two founders of the colony would have been physicians. Giffard's Lodge was situated on some portion of Col. Gugy's farm; the leading families of Canada look to Giffard as one of their progenitors; Archbishop Taschereau is one of his descendants.

"The first Royal Notary—Notaire Royal—of Canada was M. Audouard, whose first minute rests in the vaults of the Prothonotary of Quebec. But two deeds at least had been executed before this first minute. The deed of partage of the Hébert family (1634), and the last will of Champlain (1635). These two instruments were executed before Mêtres Duchaîne and De la Ville, greffiers; the greffiers were Notaires also. Another fact worthy of note is that the first time a Notary's services were put in requisition was at the instance of the heirs of Hébert, the physician."— Morning Chronicle, 12th April, 1881.

[69] Chansons populaires du Canada, &c., par Ernest Gagnon, 1865.

[70] The father of French-Canadian history; born in 1809, died in 1866.

[71] The tablet on his monument, in Mount Hermon Cemetery, bears the following inscription:—

IN MEMORY OF ROBERT CHRISTIE, ESQ.

A native of Nova Scotia, he early adopted Canada as his country, and during a long life faithfully served her. In the War in 1812 as a Captain, 4th Batt., he defended her frontier; in peace, during upwards of 30 years, he watched over her interests as member of Parliament for the County of Gaspé; and in the retirement of his later years recorded her annals as her historian.

He died at Quebec on the 13th October, 1856, aged 68, leaving behind him the memory of a pure career and incorruptible character.

Integer vitae scelerisque purus.

The inscription, which we think worthy of commendation for the chasteness and conciseness of its style, is from the pen of (the late) J. B. Parkin, Esq., advocate, of this city; the most lasting monument, however, of the honoured deceased is that which was the product of his own brain, his History of Canada. This work is unfortunately incomplete, though the materials of a posthumous volume are still extant; but it is to be regretted that Mr. Christie's widow has been robbed, and that by the hand of no common thief, of some most important documents collected by and belonging to her late husband—Quebec Mercury, 5th Nov., 1859.

[72] Opposite to Mr. Narcisse Turcotte, jeweller, on Mountain Hill.

[73] The Basilica Minor, or Roman Catholic Parish Church, built in 1647, restored after the siege of 1759, was consecrated by Bishop Laval on the 18th July, 1666, under the name of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. It is the oldest church in North America. Its length is 216 feet by 108 in breadth, and is capable of containing a congregation of 4,000 persons. "It originated in a gift, in 1644, on the part of Couillard and Guillemette Hebert, his wife, of 80 perches of land in superficies, for a parish church, on condition on the part of the Fabrique, or church authorities, that they would furnish a pew in perpetuity in said church for them and their successors, on their paying them a sum of 30 livres, tournois, at each mutation. The Church was begun in 1644 and 1645, on this spot, out of collections made in the years 1643 and 1644 together, until the price for which were sold 1,270 beaver skins—worth about 8,000 livres—was given by the Quebec merchants. The partners of the India Company presented the church with a bell."—Histoire abrégée de l'Église de Quebec.

[74] The Indian Fort (Fort des Hurons) was built to protect the unfortunate Hurons who, after the butchery of 1648-49, had sought refuge at Quebec. It is conspicuous on an old plan of Quebec of 1660, republished by Abbé Faillon. It stood on the northern slope of Dufferin Terrace, on the side to the east of the present Post Office, south-east of the Roman Catholic Parish Church.

[75] Voyage Sentimental—LaRue, page 96.

[76] "THE VOLTIGEURS, 1812.—This corps, now forming under the command of Major De Salaberry, is completing with a despatch worthy of the ancient war-like spirit of the country. Capt. Perrault's company was filled up in 48 hours, and was yesterday passed by His Excellency the Governor; and the companies of Captains Duchesnay, Panet and L'Ecuyer have nearly their complement. The young men move in solid columns towards the enlisting officers, with an expression of countenance not to be mistaken. The Canadians are awakening from the repose of an age secured to them by good government and virtuous habits. Their anger is fresh, the object of their preparations simple and distinct. They are to defend their King, known to them only by acts of kindness and a native country, long since made sacred by the exploits of their forefathers."—(From the Montreal Canadian Courant, 4th May, 1812.) Does the sacred fire still burn as bright? We hope so.

[77] The Hôtel Dieu is fully described at page 63 of "QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT."

[78] Bouchette's British Dominions in North America, 1832, p. 254.

[79] The practical jokers in our good city were numerous and select; we might mention the Duke of Richmond's sons, Lord Charles and Lord William Lennox: Col. Denny, 71st Highlanders; the brilliant Vallières de St. Real, later on Chief. Justice; Petion Christie, P. A. De Gaspé, the writer; L. Plamondon, C. Romain and other legal luminaries; recalling the days of Barrington in Ireland, and those of Henry Cockburn in Scotland; their petit souper, bon mots, boisterous merriment, found a sympathetic chronicler in the author of "The Canadians of Old". Facile princeps for riotous fun stood Chas. R. Ogden, subsequently Attorney-General, as well known for his jokes as for his eloquence: he recently died a judge at the Isle of Wight.—(J. M. L.)

[80] The first idea of utilising the ruins of the Château St. Louis, burnt in 1834, is due to His Excellency the Earl of Durham, Governor-General and High Commissioner in Canada from the 29th May to the 1st November, 1838. George Lambton, Earl of Durham, died in England in 1840. He was one of our ablest administrators, and with all his faults, one of the most ungenerously treated public men of the day by the Metropolitan statesmen.

[81] "Le Chien d'Or—the History of an Old House,"—MAPLE LEAVES, 1873, p. 89. [82] "His constant attendance when he went abroad," says Mère Juchereau.

[83] The Old Régime in Canada, p. 177-9.

[84] John George Lambton, Earl of Durham, was born at Lambton Castle, in April, 1792, and died at the Isle of Wight, on the 28th July, 1840, broken-hearted at the apparent failure of his Canadian mission.

"Lord Durham," says Justin McCarthy, "was a man of remarkable character. It is a matter of surprise how little his name is thought of by the present generation, seeing what a strenuous figure he seemed in the eyes of his contemporaries, and how striking a part he played in the politics of a time which has even still some living representatives. He belonged to one of the oldest families in England. The Lambtons had lived on their estate in the north in uninterrupted succession since the Conquest. The male succession, it is stated, never was interrupted since the twelfth century. They were not, however, a family of aristocrats. Their wealth was derived chiefly from coal mines, and grew up in later days; the property at first, and for a long time, was of inconsiderable value. For more than a century, however, the Lambtons had come to take rank among the gentry of the country, and some member of the family had represented the city of Durham in the House of Commons from 1727 until the early death of Lord Durham's father, in December, 1797, William Henry Lambton, Lord Durham's father, was a staunch Whig, and had been a friend and associate of Fox. John George Lambton, the son, was born at Lambton Castle, in April, 1792. Before he was quite twenty years of age, he made a romantic marriage at Gretna Green with a lady who died three years after. He served for a short time in a regiment of Hussars. About a year after the death of his first wife, he married the eldest daughter of Lord Grey. In 1828 he was raised to the Peerage with the title of Baron Durham."—History of Our Own Times, page 9.—Justin McCarthy.

[85] I use the term advisedly, for had he followed out the Colborne policy and gibbetted the "Bermuda exiles," he would have had one sin less to atone for, at the hands of Lord Brougham and other merciless enemies in England.

[86] Thanks to the late Mr. J. B. Martel, then Secretary of the Harbour Commission, Quebec, we may designate in a few words the site which the Quebec Bank now possesses. This extent of ground (at that period a beach lot), was conceded to the Seminary by the Marquis de Denonville in 1687, and confirmed by the King, the 1st March, 1688. The 25th August, 1750, Messire Christophe de Lalane, Directeur du Séminaire des Missions Étrangères à Paris, made a concession of it to Mons. Nicholas René Levasseur, Ingénieur, formerly chief contractor of the ships of "His Most Christian Majesty." On the 24th June, 1760, a deed of sale of this same property, to Joseph Brassard Deschêneaux, consisting of a two-story house and a wharf (avec les peintures au-dessus de la porte.) On the 8th September, 1764, a deed of sale to Alexander McKenzie, purchase money, $5,800. On the 19th April, 1768, Joseph Deschêneaux assigned his mortgage to Mr. John Lymburner. On the 11th August, 1781, a deed of concession of the beach in the rear, to low water mark, by the Seminary to Adam Lymburner. The 5th November, 1796, a deed of sale by the attorney of Adam Lymburner. Subsequently Angus Shaw became the proprietor in consideration of $4,100. On the 17th October, 1825, a judicial sale, to the late Henry Atkinson, Esq.

[87] Hon. D.A. Ross.

[88] This attempt, although ushered in with a brilliant victory on 28th April 1760, failed.

[89] Born in 1765; died in 1820; resided at Quebec, 1741-46.

[90] See Histoire de la Gazette de Québec—Gérin, p. 24.

[91] The "Neptune" Inn was opened as a house of public entertainment for captains, by William Arrowsmith, on 1st May, 1809 (See Quebec Mercury, 1st May, 1809.)

[92] DOINGS OF THE PRESS GANG AT QUEBEC, 1807—Le Canadien newspaper, of September, 1807, thus records the death, on the 13th September of that year, of Simon Latresse, from the discharge of fire arms.—It had taken place on the evening of the preceding Saturday, the perpetrator being one of the crew of H.M. man-of-war Blossom, commanded by Captain George Picket. "Latresse," says this journal, "was at the time attending a dance in St. John suburbs, when a press-gang, under the charge of Lieut. Andrel, entered. Latresse was laid hold of, but his great strength and activity enabled him to shake off his captors. He then took to his heels and received from one of them a pistol shot, the ball going through his body. He was a native of Montreal, aged 25 years; had been for seven years a voyageur to Michilimakinac; was noted for his fidelity and attachment to his employers. Latresse leaves a widowed mother of 75 years of age to mourn his loss, of whom he was the support". The poet Quesnel wrote a fine piece of verse to commemorate the event. It is to be found in the Bibliothèque Canadienne of 1826.

[93] Quebec, 5th December, 1816. "At a meeting of the Board of Green Cloth, held at the "Neptune" Inn, John Wm. Woolsey in the chair, it was unanimously decided to establish a Merchants' Exchange in the lower part of the Neptune Inn, &c. (Then follow the resolutions.) Subscription to be two guineas per annum.

"On motion of John Jones, Esq., Resolved that the following gentlemen do form a Committee of Management:—Thomas Edward Brown, James Heath, George Symes, John W. Woolsey and Robert Melvin."

[94] William Finlay, an eminent merchant of Quebec, and one of its chief benefactors, made several bequests which the city authorities invested in the purchase of this market. Mr. Finlay died at the Island of Madeira, whether he had gone for his health, about the year 1831.

[95] "ROMPU VIF," 1752—A good deal of patriotic indignation has been bubbled over at the mention of what was termed the Old World mode of punishing high treason against the State. With respect to the atrocious sentence pronounced by Chief Justice Osgood, at Quebec, in 1797, carried out on the criminal David McLane, the "disembowling and hanging" particulars (so well related by an eye-witness, the late P. A. DeGaspé, Esq.,) ought not to be considered such a novelty in Canada.

A Montreal antiquary, Mr. P. S. Murphy, has unearthed a sentence pronounced at Montreal in the good old Bourbon times, 6th June, 1752, which shows that the terrible punishment of "breaking alive" (rompu vif) was in force under the French régime.

"Belisle," says Mr. P. S. Murphy, "was condemned to 'torture ordinary and extraordinary,' then to be broken alive on a scaffold erected in the market place. The awful sentence was carried out to the letter, his body buried in Guy street, Montreal, and a Red Cross erected to mark the spot."

Translation.—Extract from the requisition of H. C. Majesty's Attorney:—

"I require for the King that Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle be arraigned and convicted of having wilfully and feloniously killed the said Jean Favre by a pistol shot and several stabs with a knife, and of having similarly killed the said Marie-Anne Bastien, wife of the said Favre, with a spade and a knife, and of having stolen from them the money that was in their house; for punishment of which that he be condemned to have his arms, legs, thighs and backbone broken, he alive, on a scaffold, which shall be erected for that purpose in the market place of this city, at noon, then on a rack, his face turned towards the sky, he be left to die. The said Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle, being previously put to the torture ordinary and extraordinary, his dead body shall be carried by the executioners to the highway which lies between the house lately occupied by the said accused and the house lately occupied by the said Jean Favre and his wife. The goods and chattels of the said Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle confiscated to the King, or for the benefit of those who may have a right to them, or of those not liable to confiscation, the sum of 300 livres fine being previously set apart, in case that confiscation could be made for the benefit of His Majesty.

  "(Signed), FAUCHER.
  "Done at Montreal, the 6th June, 1752."

[96] The most spacious, the most remarkable of these substantial vaults of French construction, are those which now belong to the Estate Poston, on the north side of Notre Dame street, nearly opposite the church Notre Dame des Victoires. It is claimed that these vaults were so constructed as not only to be fire proof but water-proof likewise at the seasons of high water, in spring and autumn. This vault is now occupied by Messrs. Thompson, Codville & Co. as Inland Revenue and Customs bonded warehouses.

[97] "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Ferland, Vol. 1, p. 280.

[98] Concession de la Barre aux Jésuites, Sept. 16, 1683.

[99] Cul-de-Sac means a street without an issue. The filling in of this old market place, by the wharves on which Champlain Market Hall now stands, has totally altered this locality.

[100] M. de Laval, in 1661, described the city as follows:—

"Quebecum vulgo in superiorem dividitur et inferiorem urbem. In inferiore sunt portus, vadosa navium ora, mercatorum apoticae ubi et merces servantur, commercium quodlibet peragitur publicum et magnus civium numerus commoratur."

[101] George Allsop, a British merchant, came from England to this country in the last century with Thomas Aylwin, grandfather of Judge Thos. Cushing Aylwin. The Hale family were already in Canada, and became intimate with the Allsops. George Allsop had six sons, all born in the Montcalm House ramparts. At the time of Robert Allsop's birth his mother was placed for safety in the vaults of the Citadel, at the time of the siege (1775) says a family tradition. These six sons were as follows:—

  George Waters Allsop, eldest, sent home to the Bluecoat School to be
    educated; he was a Latin and Greek scholar, and a person of eminence
    in other respects.
  John Allsop, merchant in London.
  Carleton Allsop, Consul-General to Colombia.
  Robert Allsop, Deputy Commissary-General.
  James Allsop, Paymaster 1st Batt., 44th Foot.
  William Allsop, merchant, died at sea on a voyage to Buenos Ayres, and
    was buried on the Patagonian coast, all co-seigneurs of Seignories of
    Jacques Cartier and d'Auteuil.
  James Allsop, at the age of 17, was taken by Hon. John Hale, Receiver-
    General, into his office, St. John street, at $600 per annum. This
    house was afterwards occupied by a Mrs. Stinson (I think as a
    boarding-house); sold to Judge Aylwin, who left it by will to his
    nephew, Robt S. Bradley, who now owns it.
  James Allsop did not like the drudgery of Mr. Hale's office, who sent
    him to England with a recommendation to the late Duke of Kent, asking
    for a Paymastership. There were difficulties at first, he not being
    considered old enough; but at last he was gazetted to one in the 1st
    Batt., 44th Regt., and this Battalion was ordered to New Orleans, Hon.
    Col. Mullins (Lord Ventry's son), commanding, who, being seized with a
    panic on the field, disgraced himself, lost his presence of mind on
    seeing the destruction the Americans were dealing out to the British
    troops, by firing behind their cotton bags, and was in consequence the
    cause of the death of Hon. Col. Pakenham, brother-in-law to the Duke
    of Wellington. Miss Pakenham was a celebrated beauty, and engaged to
    marry the Duke on his return from the Peninsular War; but having,
    unfortunately, taken the small-pox during the Duke's absence, her
    father wrote to the Duke to absolve him from his promise, she having
    become so much disfigured from its effects, but the Duke was too
    honourable, and married her. They were both in Brussels. My father,
    who was Paymaster to the 2nd Battalion of the 44th, was at Waterloo.
    We remained in Brussels some years.—(Diary of Mrs. Chas. Aylwin.)

[102] See Appendix—"La Négresse Rose."

[103] Quebecers will remember with pleasure the presence in our midst of this famous Polar navigator in August, 1880, and his lady, whose kindliness of manner and elegant French, won the hearts of many. The instructive torpedo lectures of the scientific commander of the Northampton iron-clad, Capt. Fisher, will likewise retain a corner in the chambers of memory.

[104] In fact, the spot where the remains of the great geographer and discoverer are supposed to rest, seems to be the site on which the new Post Office in the Upper Town has lately been built. Another theory, however, is lately propounded by an Ottawa antiquary. See QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT.

[105] XAVIER MARMIER.—This writer was born at Pontcartier, France, in 1809, and early evinced a passion for travel. Having visited Switzerland and Holland, he came to Paris in 1830. Being well versed in German literature, he edited for ten years the Revue Germanique, during which period he travelled and wrote much. In 1836-38 he went as the Secretary of a scientific expedition to the north of Europe. He spent several weeks at Archangel, visited Iceland, Greenland, and other hyperborean regions, and after his return published many works, among which may be mentioned Travels in Iceland and Greenland (7 vols., 8vo, with elaborate maps and numerous folio plates), the Literature of Denmark and Sweden, Souvenirs of Voyages and Traditions, Popular Songs of the North, Letters on Holland and on Russia, Finland and Poland, Poems of a Traveller, the Rhine and the Nile, Letters upon Algeria and the Adriatic, A Summer on the Baltic, &c, &c, besides voluminous essays in reviews and magazines. He was recalled from travels to become librarian of the Department of the Marine, and in 1847 was appointed in charge of the library of Sainte Geneviève. He is still (in 1881) living in Paris.

[106] Lettres sur l'Amérique, par X Marmier, Canada, États-Unis, Havane, Rio de la Plata, 2 Vols., Paris, 1851.

[107] The Jesuit Fathers were in the habit of fastening the painters of their canoes at the foot of the hill, "la canoterie," on their return by water from their farm called "Ferme des Anges," hence its name.

We borrow from the "Directory for the City and Suburbs of Quebec" for 1791, by Hugh McKay, printed at the office of the Quebec Herald, the following paragraph, "Rues Ecartées" (out-of-the-way streets)— "La Canoterie (canoe landings) follows the street Sault-au-Matelot, commencing at the house of Cadet (where Mr. O. Aylwin resides), and continues up to Mr. Grant's distillery; St. Charles street commences there and terminates below Palace Gate; St. Nicholas street extends from Palace Gate to the water's edge, passing in front of the residence of the widow La Vallée; the old ship yard opposite to the boat yard, Cape Diamond street commences at the wharf owned by Mr. Antrobus and terminates at the outer extremity of that of Mons. Dunière, underneath Cape Diamond, the streets Carrière, Mont Carmel, Ste. Geneviève, St. Denis, Des Grisons, are all situated above St. Louis street" (Mr. Louis Dunière was M.P. in 1828.)

[108] Mr. T. P. Bédard sends us the following note on this street:—"Au 17ème siècle, la rue Sault-au-Matelot était la rue commerciale par excellence avec la rue Notre-Dame, c'était là où ce faisait toutes les affaires, la rue St. Pierre actuelle étant alors envahie par l'eau durant les grandes marées."

[109] Did the dog belong to Champlain? an antiquary asks us.

"Ad laevum fluit amnis S. Laurentii, ad dextram S. Caroli fluviolus. Ad confluentem, Promontorium assurgit, Saltum Nautae vulgo vocant, ab cane hujus nominis qui se alias ex eo loco praecipitem dedit." (Historia Canadensis.—Creuxius, p. 204.)

[110] François de Bienville.

[111] In that early, dark, but not unhappy era of Quebec municipal existence, in June, 1842, when the great novelist, Chas. Dickens, perambulated our thoroughfares and surveyed our battle fields, did the author of "Pickwick," in his rambles, meet in this odoriferous lane any of those "roving, gentlemanly, philosophic, republican" porkers, such as had crossed his path in the "empire city" of the West, and which, as typical New York pigs, have since become famous. "A select party," says he, "of half a dozen gentlemanly hogs have just now turned the corner."

"Here is a solitary swine lounging homeward by himself. He has only one ear, having parted with the other to vagrant dogs in the course of his city rambles. But he gets on very well without it, and leads a roving, gentlemanly, vagabond life, somewhat answering to that of our club men at home. He leaves his lodgings every morning at a certain hour, throws himself upon the town, gets through the day in some manner quite satisfactory to himself, and regularly appears at the door of his own house again at night, like the mysterious master of Gil Blas. He is a free and easy, careless, indifferent kind of pig, having a very large acquaintance among other pigs of the same character, whom he rather knows by sight than conversation, as he seldom troubles himself to stop and exchange civilities, but goes grunting down the kennel, turning up the news and small talk of the city, in the shape of cabbage-stalks and offal, and bearing no tails but his own, which is a very short one, for his old enemies the dogs have been at that too, and have left him hardly enough to swear by. He is in every respect a Republican pig, going wherever he pleases, and mingling with the best society, on an equal if not superior footing, for every one makes way when he appears, and the haughtiest give him the wall if he prefer it. He is a great philosopher, and seldom moved, unless by the dogs before mentioned."—(Dickens' American Notes, p. 38.)

[112] CANADA'S ROYAL VISITORS—WHO HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE 1787.—"Canada has been honoured with visits from the following Royal personages:—His Royal Highness Prince William Henry (afterwards William IV.) uncle of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, landed in Quebec in 1787. H.R.H. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, visited Canada in 1791, four years later than his brother. H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and heir apparent of the British Crown, was in this country in 1860, and laid the corner-stone of the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa. H.R.H. Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, was here in 1861, H.R.H. Prince Leopold in May, 1880. H.E.H. Prince de Joinville, son of Louis Philippe, King of France, was in Canada the same year as Prince Alfred. Prince Napoleon Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III., Emperor of France, also in 1861. H.R.H. Prince Arthur, third son of the Queen, in 1869. H.R.H. the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, in 1871. H.R.H. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, in 1876 (Centennial year); and Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise and H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh (his second visit), in 1878. It will thus be seen that Queen Victoria's father, uncle and five of her children have been in Canada."

[113] Opened by him in 1831.

[114] "Travels through North America during the years 1825-26," By Carl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach.

[115] Prescott Gate levelled in 1871.

[116] These steps went into Prescott Gate.

[117] The R. C. Bishop's Palace, on whose site the present brick structure, Parliament House, was since erected.

[118] Bleak House, on the St. Louis Heights, was, until 1871, the quarters of the Colonel of Engineers.

[119] The Abbé de Fénélon was the half-brother of the illustrious Archbishop of Cambray, the author of "Telemachus." He was tried by Frontenac and the Superior Council for having, at the preceding Easter, preached at Montreal a violent sermon against the corvées (enforced labor) to build up Fort Frontenac, &c. He refused to acknowledge the competency of the tribunal to try him, appeared before it with his hat on, &c. Frontenac had him committed for contempt. Altogether it was a curious squabble, the decision of which was ultimately left to the French King.— (Parkman's Frontenac, p. 37, M. Faillon, _La Colonie Française, Vol. III, pp. 515, 517.)

[120] Montcalm, de Vaudreuil, de Longueuil, de Bougainville, LaCorne, de Beaujeu, Taché, de Léry, de St. Ours and others constituted this party of honourable men.

[121] MÉMOIRES sur les affaires du Canada, 1749-60.

[122] Servants, lackeys and nobodies were named store-keepers, "leur ignorance et leur bassesse ne font point un obstacle," say the Mémoires, 1749-60.

[123] "He (deCallières), says Parkman, laid before the King a plan, which had, at least, the recommendation of boldness and cheapness. This was to conquer New York with the forces already in Canada, aided only by two ships of war. The blow, he argued, should be struck at once, and the English taken by surprise. A thousand regulars and six hundred Canadian Militia should pass Lake Champlain and Lake George, in canoes and bateaux, cross to the Hudson, and capture Albany, where they would seize all the river-craft, and descend the Hudson to the town of New York, which, as Callières states, had then about two hundred houses and four hundred fighting men. The two ships were to cruise at the mouth of the Harbour, and wait the arrival of the troops, which was to be made known to them by concerted signals, whereupon they were to enter and aid in the attack. The whole expedition, he thought, might be accomplished in a month, so that by the end of October, the King would be master of the country….

It will be well to observe what were the instructions of the King towards the colony which he proposed to conquer. They were as follows: If any Catholics were found in New York, they might be left undisturbed, provided that they took an oath of allegiance to the King. Officers, and other persons who had the means of paying ransoms, were to be thrown into prison. All lands in the colony, except those of Catholics swearing allegiance, were to be taken from the owners, and granted under feudal tenure to the French officers and soldiers. All property, public or private, was to be seized, a portion of it given to the grantees of the land, and the rest sold on account of the King. Mechanics and other workmen might, at the discretion of the commanding officer) be kept as prisoners to work at fortifications and do other labor. The rest of the English and Dutch inhabitants, men, women, and children were to be carried out of the colony, and dispersed in New England, Pennsylvania or other places, in such manner, that they could not combine in any attempt to recover their property and their country. And that the conquest might be perfectly secure, the nearest settlements of New England were to be destroyed, and those more remote, laid under contribution.—(Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, p. 187-9.)

[124] See Appendix, verbo "CONQUEST IN NEW YORK."

[125] THE CHIEN D'OR A LEGEND OF QUEBEC. [126] L'INTENDANT BIGOT.

[127] For the names of the victims and further particulars, vide 2nd Volume du Dictionnaire Généalogique, par l'Abbé Tanguay.

[128] These bricks were found to be only 1-1/2 inches thick, of a dark flinty appearance and as hard as iron, and seemed to be composed of silica and oxide of iron.

The Jesuit College had been occupied as a barrack, under the warrant of
General J. Murray, in 1765. (J. M. L.)

[129] Cours d'Histoire du Canada, Vol. II, p. 140.

[130] Louis XV.

[131] Smith's History of Canada, Vol. II., p. 105.

[132] Life of Lord Nelson, by Robert Southey, LL.D.

[133] See Judge Henry's Diary of the Siege of 1775.

[134] The friends of the history will, no doubt, rejoice to learn that the Literary and Historical Society has acquired the interesting diaries and correspondence of Mr. James Thompson.

[135] Named after George Pozer, an aged Quebec millionaire, who for years resided in the house subsequently occupied as a book-store by the late Chas. Hamel. This eccentric old German was a native of Wesel, Germany. He had emigrated in the last century to New York, from thence to London, England, from thence to Quebec. He died here in 1840, immensely wealthy, the cause of his death being a cold be caught in attending Parliament, at Kingston, to remonstrate against what he considered the encroachments of the City Council, at Quebec, who, to remove obstructions in the public streets, had forcibly done away with the projecting steps of "Freemasons' Hall," the Chien d'Or building, for years the property of George Pozer. George Pozer was the grandfather of Hon. M. Pozer, the portly Senator for Beauce.

[136] Ryland street recalls the astute and able secretary and adviser to many Governors, the Hon. Herman W. Ryland, who died in 1836, at Mount Lilac, Beauport.

[137] St. Ours street reminds the student of history of that brave French brigadier who on the glorious battle-field of the 13th September, 1759, shed his blood to uphold the lost cause of France.

[138] Dambourgès street perpetuates the name of the intrepid Lieutenant (afterwards Colonel) Dambourgès, who, on the 31st December, 1775, in the Sault au Matelot engagement, helped so zealously to uphold the flag of Old England.

[139] Hon. William Grant had wedded, at Montreal, on the 11th September, 1770, the widow of the third Baron de Longueuil, who had expired in 1755. Hon Wm. Grant's decease is thus mentioned in the Quebec Mercury, on the 7th October, 1805:—"Died, on Saturday, of an inflammation in his bowels, after a short illness, William Grant, Esq., of St. Roch. He came to this country shortly after the conquest; (about 1763). Under the old constitution (prior to 1774) he was many years a Privy and Legislative Councillor. Under the present one, he was three times elected a representative to the House of Assembly for the Upper Town of Quebec. He also, at different periods, filled several other important stations in the Province, in all which he manifested ability, assiduity and activity. He embarked in speculative enterprise at an early age, whence his life may be truly said to have been a life of distinguished usefulness. His possessions are extensive and valuable". On a portion of the lot acquired and still occupied by Mr. Prudent Vallée, from the heirs of the late Peter Brébaut, on the 4th May, 1833, by deed, before L. T. McPherson, Esq., N. P., there remains still the massive ruins of what in the early part of the century was a stately stone dwelling, with vaulted rooms in the basement. The edifice faced towards St. Vallier street, and was surrounded by a high wall, with an iron gate on the St. Vallier street side, and an iron porte-cochère, enclosing what was once no doubt a blooming garden; it is now densely built over, since the great fire of 1845 swept over the locality like a tornado. This ostentations mansion is described in Mr. Vallée's deed as the "Manor House," and we are led to believe that here for many a long day flourished the enterprising and wealthy "Seignior of St. Roch," the Hon. Wm. Grant, Receiver-General of His Majesty's rents, with Madame La Baronne de Longueuil, his respected spouse. The Grant estate, by a patent from Sir James Craig, dated 11th March, 1811, subsequently included what is now a most populous portion of St. Roch, styled "La Vacherie," because the city cows were daily brought to these moist lands adjoining the St. Charles. However, this opulent family had another manor, built by the Baronne very shortly after her marriage with Mr. Grant, in 1770, on the lovely Island of St. Hélène, opposite to Montreal. She had also erected, opposite to Molson's brewery, a banal mill to grind the corn garnered in the neighborhood. The St. Hélène manor was probably the country seat during the summer mouths, and the St. Vallier street mansion la maison de ville of its busy and successful master, who died in 1805, ten years after his noble lady, who had expired on the 25th February, 1795.

[140] This gentleman (Mr. William Henderson) was for many years Secretary of the Quebec Fire Assurance Company. I believe he is still living, and that he resides at Frampton, in the County of Dorchester, P.Q.

[141] Renaud & Brown's Mills at present.

[142] Report No. 3 of Commissioners of the Harbour of Quebec.

[142] Queen's Birthday, Brochure, 1880.

[144] QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT, p. 353.

[145] QUEBEC AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS.—Chas. Roger, 1864.

CHAPTER IV.

[146] The residence of Jos. Shehyn, Esq., M.P.P., occupies now this historic site.

[147] SAUNDERS SIMPSON.—He was Prevost Marshal in Wolfe's army of Louisbourg, Quebec and Montreal, and cousin of my father's. He resided in that house, the nearest to St. Louis Gate, outside, which has not undergone any external alteration since I was a boy.—From unpublished Diary of Deputy Commissary General Jas. Thompson.

[148] Recent evidence extracted by Dr. H. H. Miles, out of Jas. Thompson's papers and letters, strengthen the theory previously propounded, and indicate Miss Mary Simpson, daughter of Saunders Simpson, as the famed Quebec beauty of 1782.

[149] Paint and extensive repairs have very much improved the historical house—owned and partly occupied by Mr. Green, Surveyor of H. M. Customs, Quebec—this year until May tenanted by George Stewart, Esq., author of "Lord Dufferin's Rule in Canada," "The Great St. John Fire, 1877," &c.

[150] Major Perrault and his esteemed father, the Prothonotary, a warm friend to education, both lived there many years.

[151] Three only now exist.

[152] My old friend died in 1867—regretted as a scholar, an antiquarian and the type of the old English gentleman.

[153] This realm of fairy land, so rich in nature's graces, so profusely embellished by the late James Gibb, Esq., President of the Quebec Bank, was recently sold for a rural cemetery.

[154] The stately home of Thomas Beckett, Esq.

[155] The picturesque villa of R. R. Dobell, Esq.

[156] A mossy old hall founded by Mr. McNider in the beginning of the century; now occupied by the Graddon family.

[157] The grand mansion of the late Chas E. Levey, Esq.

[158] Owned by Mr. Morgan.

[159] The highly cultivated farm and summer residence of Andrew Stuart, Esq.

[160] The property of Charles Ernest Levey, Esq.

[161] The beautiful home of W. Herring, Esq.

[162] The rustic abode of the late Hon. John Neilson, now owned by his eldest son, John Neilson, P. L. Surveyor, advantageously known by his popular notes on Canadian Birds. Dornald with its umbrageous glens, undulating meadows, broad and dense hard wood groves, seems a veritable Eden to the feathered tribe and offers innumerable opportunities of observation to the eye of a naturalist.

[163] Recently acquired by James Bowen, Esq., founded by the late W. Atkinson, Esq., in 1820.

[164] For account of the duel, which laid law one of the Hollands, see Maple Leaves for 1863. The tree, however, has lately been destroyed by a storm.

[165] A stately Convent of Congregational Nuns.

[166] The ornate country seat of Robt. Hamilton, Esq.

[167] The cosy dwelling of And. Thompson, President Union Bank.

[168] The homestead of Hon. D. A. Ross, late Atty.-Genl., Province of Quebec.

PART II—ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC

[169] A. Brulart de Sillery, Marquis de Puisieux, was Minister of Foreign Affairs in France from 1747 to 1751.—O'Callaghan's Paris Document Table, vol. x.

[170] His career furnishes a curious instance of the lavish expenditure which ambitious sovereigns formerly required on such grand occasions. Let us quote his biographer's own words: "Son entrée dans Rome fut superbe; il était dans un carosse ouvert, en forme de calèche, tout brillant d'or, même jusqu'aux roues qui étaient dorées. Ses chevaux étaient ferres avec des plaques d'argent qui ne tenaient que par un seul clou, afin que, venant à se détacher, elles fussent ramassées par les pauvres, à qui, outre cela, il faisait jeter quantité d'argent. Son carosse était entouré de douze gentilshomme bien montes et superbement vêtus; et de douze valets de pied d'une rich livrée, suivis des carosses que le Pape avait envoyé pour lui faire honneur. Sa Sainteté fut sur un balcon pour voir son entrée. M. l'ambassadeur était vêtu en Chevalier de Malte, avec sa croix enrichie de diamants. Ce fut dans ce superbe équipage qu'il fit les visites des cardinaux."

[171] An authentic record still remains of the foundation of the mission; it is written in the language of Virgil, by Father Deguen, its first missionary, and heads the register of baptisms, marriages and burials of the mission. It runs thus: "Dominus de Sillery, eques militenses et sacerdos non adpridem factus, vir imprimis plus, reductionem Sancti Josephi, una et amplius leaca, suprâ Kebicum ad ripas magni fluminis." Jacta sunt fundimenta domûs, Julii, 1637, et 14 Aprilis anni, 1638.— Bressani, Appendix, p. 300.

[172] Il y avait (des petite forts) à Sillery, sur les fiefs Saint Michel, Saint François, Saint Sauveur, à Beauport, à l'Ile d'Orléans. "Les Hiroquois," dit la mère de l'Incarnation, "craignent extrêmement les cannons; ce qui fait qu'ils n'osent s'approcher des forts." Les habitants, afin de leur donner la chasse et de la terreur, ont des redoutes en leurs maisons pour se défendre avec de petites pièces.—Abbé Ferland's Notes, p 92.

[173] History of the Hôtel-Dieu, Mère Juchereau.

[174] Abbé Faillon's Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada, vol. ii., p. 28.

[175] The hotel was later kept by one Pierre Letarte.

[176] Faillon cautions students to be careful not to confound the name of the parish of Ste. Foye with the name "Sainte Foix" which M. Puiseaux had given to his manor, higher up than Quebec on the shore of the St. Lawrence.—Ibid, vol. iii, p. 319.

[177] "Jacques Brassier, Jean Tavernier, Nicholas Josselin, Etienne Robin dit Desforges, René Douspin Jean LeComte, and Francois Crusson dit Pelate, belonged to those immortal seventeen heroes who, led on by their brave and youthful commander, Adam Dollard Desormeaux, shed their blood so nobly for the salvation of the nascent colony at Montreal at the Longue Sault, on 21st May, 1660."—(See Faillon, vol. ii., p 416.)

[178] Manuscript owned by G. B. Faribault, Esq.

[179] Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada, Faillon, vol. iii., p. 222.

[180] The insecurity produced in the colony at this period by the incessant inroads of the Five Nations was such that several colonists were on the eve of, and some did, return to France.

"Les familles françaises éparses sur les bords du St. Laurent, se trouvaient exposées à des dangers continuels. Pendant le jour, les hommes étaient attaqués au coin des champs, à l'orée d'un bois, sur les eaux du grand-fleuve. Pour tomber tout-à-coup sur leurs victimes, les maraudeurs iroquois se tenaient cachés tantôt derrière un arbre renversé, tantôt dans un marais, ou au milieu des joncs du rivage pendant la nuit, ils rôdaient autour des maisons, cherchant à surprendre quelques familles sans défense."—(Ferland, Histoire du Canada: Vol. I., p. 398.)

Hence the French houses in each settlement were generally close to one another for mutual protection; the church in the centre to sound the tocsin of alarm.

[181] Relations des Jésuites, 1652, p. 7.

[182] Histoire du Canada—Ferland. Vol. I, page 109.

[183] "Monsieur de Courcelles, qui en fut le chef (de l'expédition), y apporta toute la diligence possible, de sorte qu'il se trouva prêt à partir le 9 Janvier, 1666, accompagné de M. duGas, qu'il prit pour son lieutenant, de M. de Salampar, gentilhomme volontaire, du Père Pierre Raffeix, Jésuite, de 300 hommes du Régiment Carignan Salières et de 200 volontaires, habitants des colonies françaises, chacun ayant aux pieds des raquettes, dont ils n'étaient pas accoutumés de se servir et tous sans en excepter les chefs et M. de Courcelles même étant chargés chacun de 25 ou 30 livres de biscuit etc. A peine pourrait on trouver dans toutes les histoires une marche plus difficile et plus longue, que le fut celle de cette petite armée, et il fallut un courage français et la constance de M. de Courcelles pour l'entreprendre * * * il fallait faire trois cent lieues sur les neiges, traverser continuellement sur la glace des lacs et des rivières en danger de faire autant de chutes que de pas, ne coucher que sur la neige au milieu des forêts, et souffrir un froid qui passe de beaucoup la rigueur des plus rudes hivers de l'Europe.

"Cependant nos troupes estant allées le premier jour à Sillery, pour recommander le succès de leur entreprise à l'Archange Saint Michel, Patron de ce lieu là, plusieurs eurent des le troisième jour, le nez, les oreilles, les genoux et les doigts, ou d'autres parties du corps gelées et le reste du corps couvert de cicatrices."—Relations des Jésuites, 1666, page 6.

[184] This crack regiment had covered itself with glory at the battle of St. Gothard in 1664, when 80,000 Turks had been cut to pieces by the army of Count Coligny.—(Histoire de la Mère de l'Incarnation, Casgrain, p. 425-6.)

[185] "Le vingt-cinq Janvier," says Ferland, "ils étaient sur les glaces à l'entrée du lac Saint Pierre. Le froid était plus vif, que les jours précédents; des glaçons accumulés barraient presque la route qu'ils suivaient. Les volontaires accoutumés de longue main à rencontrer ces difficultés savaient les surmonter; ils étaient vêtus à la manière du pays, et portaient habits, bonnets et chaussures de peaux de bêtes; aussi ils pouvaient sans danger braver le froid. Il n'en était pas ainsi des soldats français, encore peu habitués à la sévérité du climat, et qui n'étaient pas pourvus de couvertures suffisantes. L'on fut contraint de reporter aux Trois Rivières plusieurs d'entre eux dont les uns s'étaient blessés sur les glaces, et les autres avaient les mains, les bras et les pieds gelés."—(Cours d'Histoire du Canada, vol. ii, p. 467.)

[186] Baron Vincent Saint Castin, was from Oléron, in Béarn. Originally a Colonel in the King's Guards, he came to Canada in 1665, a Captain in the Carignan Regiment. He was, in 1680-1, in command of Fort Penobscot in Maine. He married Matilda, the daughter of Madockawando, Sachem of the Penobscots, by which tribe he was adopted and elevated to the rank of Chief. He played a conspicuous part in the wars of that day, signed treaties with the Governors of New England. Having amassed a property of 300,000 crowns, he retired eventually to France, where he had an estate. He was succeeded by his son in the Government of Penobscot. His daughters married advantageously in the colony. We find one of them, Mademoiselle Brigitte de Saint Castin, amongst the pupils of the Ursuline Nuns at Quebec, about the beginning of the last century.—"Les Gouverneurs Généraux du Canada le ménagent et ceux de la Nouvelle Angleterre le craignent," says La Hontan.

[187] Notes on the Environs of Quebec, 1855.

[188] Occupied by Michael Stevenson, Esq.

[189] The temple for Catholic worship, erected at Pointe à Puizeau about 1854, is very picturesquely located; its stained glass windows, its graceful new spire, frescoed ceilings, add much to its beauty. The Rev'd Messire George Drolet has succeeded to the Rev. Father Harkin, who had been in charge ever since the late Abbé Ferland was appointed secretary to the Archbishop of Quebec and Military Chaplain to the Forces. For some time in 1877, St. Columba Church was in the spiritual charge of Monseigneur de Persico.

[190] From the noise it makes before easterly gales.

[191] The Jesuits in North America, Parkman—pages 282-3. Vimont, Relation, 1645, 2-22.

[192] Breweries, however, and other manufactories had been in operation in the colony as early as 1668, as we glean from the following entry in the Jesuits' Journal:—

"Et parce qu'un pais ne peut pas se former entièrement sans l'assistance des manufactures, nous voyons déjà celle des souliers et des chapeaux commencée, celle des toiles et des cuirs projetée, et on attend que la multiplication qui se fait des moutons, produise suffisement des laines pour introduire celle des draps, et c'est ce que nous espérons dans peu puisque les bestiaux se peuplent assez abondamment, entr-autres les chevaux qui commencent à distribuer dans tout le pais. La brasserie que Monsieur Talon fait construire, ne servira pas peu aussi pour la commodité publique, soit pour l'épargne des boissons enivrantes, qui causent ici de grands désordres, auxquels on pourra obvier par cette antre boisson qui est très saine et non malfaisante, soit pour conserver l'argent dans le pais qui s'en divertit par l'achat qu'on fait en France de tant de boissons, soit enfin pour consumer le surabondant des bleds qui si sont trouves quelquefois en telle quantité que les laboureurs n'en pouuaient avoir le débit."—Relations des Jésuites, 166, p. 3. On the site of Talon's brewery, was built the Intendant's Palace, in the rear of Boswell's Brewery.

[193] Heriot's Travels, 1806, p. 98.

The Jesuit, Father Ennemond Massé died at Sillery, 12th May, 1646, aged seventy-two.

[194] Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada, vol. II, p. 115.

[195] Faillon, vol. III, p. 318.

[196] In 1684, at the review of French troops at Fort Fontenac, appear among others Captaines de la Côte; the Captain de la Côte de Beauport, Duchesnay, Laferté and Meseray, of Cap. Rouge. (Paris Documents, vol. IX, p 234.)

[197] "Along this road was the favorite drive of the Canadian belle."— Hawkins' Picture of Quebec.

[198] Madame Pean's house in St. Louis street stood where the Officers Barracks have been since built. We take her to have been that pretty Ang. De Meloises, a pupil of the Ursuline Nuns, mentioned in the Historie des Ursulines de Québec.

[199] Quebec, Past and Present; Maple Leaves—1865.

[200] The monument erected by the inhabitants of Sillery, to the memory of the Revd. Père Ennemond Masse, S. J., first Missionary to Canada, was inaugurated on Saturday afternoon, the 26th June, 1870, in presence of the inhabitants of Sillery, and of several literary gentlemen of the environs. Revd. G. V. Cazeau, addressed those present, and was followed by the Abbes Laverdière and Casgrain, and by Hon'l P. C. A. Chauveau and Mr. R. R. Dobell.

Mr. Dobell delivered a lengthy and able address on the worth of the good missionary but dwelt chiefly on the career of the benevolent Commander Brulart de Sillery:

At our suggestion, the monument was made by its inscriptions to commemorate the merit of both:

The speakers all paid a high tribute to the researches of the Revd. Abbes
Laverdière and Casgrain, through whose labors the resting place of the
Revd. Père Masse were discovered, and with whom originated the idea of
erecting this monument.

The ground upon which the monument stands was given by Mr. Henry
Lemesurier: and Mr. R. R. Dobell has nobly assisted Messrs. Laverdière and
Casgrain in carrying out the project.

The monument is plain but elegant, and altogether about 20 feet high. It is of cut-stone, with four marble tablets surmounted by a marble cross. One of the tablets bears the following inscription:

  The Inhabitants of Sillery
  Have erected this Monument to the Memory of
  PÈRE ENNEMOND MASSE, S.J.,
  First Missionary in Canada,
  Buried in 1646,
  In the Church of Saint Michel,
  On the Domain of Saint Joseph of Sillery.

On another tablet was inscribed:

  The Church of Saint Michel,
  Which formerly stood on this spot,
  Was built by
  The Commander of Sillery,
  Founder (in 1637) of the St. Joseph Domain.

The ceremony throughout was of a most interesting character, serving to mark an important event in the history of Canada.

[201] The Plains of Abraham. Notes, original and selected, by Lt. Col. Beatson, Royal Engineers—Gibraltar: Printed at the Garrison Library Press, 1858. This volume is very rare.

[202] Donation du 10 Octobre, 1648, et du 1er Février, 1652, par Adrien Duchesne à Abraham Martin, de 30 arpents de terre.

Concession du 16 Mai, 1650, par la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France, de 12 arpents de terre à Abraham Martin.

Vente du 1er Juillet, 1667, aux Dames Ursuline de Quebec, par les héritiers d'Abraham Martin, d'un terrain contenant 32 arpents en superficie.

[203] A creature of Bigot, Capt. DeVergor, on the 13th of September, 1759, after allowing his militia men to return home on leave, was in charge of the post at Wolfefield, where Wolfe ascended after taking the Captain prisoner; this was the key to the position. Ferland and other writers have imputed treason to DeVergor.

[204] "MONTCALM EN CANADA."

In a work published at Tournai, in 1861, par un ancien missionnaire, at page 193, Père Martin notices the discrepancies between the various writers whom he had consulted. "It is difficult at the present day, to decide with certainty as to the numbers of the two armies who met on the Plains of Abraham; ancient writers are no more in accord than modern. Here are some of the estimates:

                                           FRENCH. ENGLISH.
  L'Intendant Bigot,………………….. 3,500 3 to 4,000
  Montreuil, Major Général,……………. … 4,500
  Doreil, Commissaire,………………… 3,000 6,000
  Colonel Fraser,…………………….. 5,000 4,000

(Sullivan says the forces were equal, but that Wolfe's soldiers were disciplined veterans, and that the half of Montcalm's were militia and Indians.)

  Hawkins,…………………………… 5,000 4,800
  Bancroft,………………………….. 5,000 5,000
  Garneau,…………………………… 4,500 8,000
  Beatson,…………………………… 7,500 4,828
  Dussieux,………………………….. 4,500 5,000

The estimates given by Garneau, of the English, and by Lt. Col. Beatson, of the French, are evidently exaggerated. The estimates of Knox and Ferland deserves also notice, even if only from the discrepancy they present."

[205] Montcalm, when he heard that the English had ascended the hill and were formed on the high ground at the back of the town scarcely credited the intelligence … but he was soon undeceived. He saw clearly that the English fleet and army were in such a situation that the Upper and Lower Town might be attacked in concert, and that nothing but a battle could save it. Accordingly he determined to give them battle.—The Annual Register for the year 1759.

[206] Local tradition relates that, on receiving, about 8 o'clock in the morning of the 13th September, the startling intelligence that the English were in possession of the Plains, MONTCALM (hitching up his breeches with both hands, as was his custom) briskly exclaimed, "if that be the case it is time we were hastening thither; for we must drive them into the river before noon."—R. S. B.

[207] "The English troops were exhorted to reserve their fire; and they bore that of the enemy's light troops in front (which was galling though irregular) with the utmost patience and good order, waiting for the main body of the enemy which fast advanced upon them. At forty yards distance our troops gave their fire, which took place in its full extent, and made a terrible havoc among the French."—The Annual Register for 1759.

"General Wolfe ordered the men to load with an additional bullet which did great execution.

"As soon as the French came within musket-shot they began to fire, but the British reserved their fire until the enemy were within twenty yards." —Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain from 1729 to 1790.

[208] The Canadian militia (of which more than half of Montcalm's forces consisted) were without bayonets.—MONTCALM'S Letter of 24th August, 1759.

[209] The authenticity of this famous, prophetic letter has been attacked by subsequent writers: among others by Francis Parkman.

[210] For a description of the spot where MONTCALM expired, see Album du Touriste.

[211] Knox's Journal, Vol. ii., pp. 14, 21, 24, 28, Aug. 21 "The project of erecting a fortress on the Island of Coudres, for a garrison of three thousand men, is laid aside for want of proper materials, and the season being too far advanced for such an undertaking. The enterprise of storming Quebec is also given up as too desperate to hope for success." P. 28.

[212] Denis de Vitré, then a prisoner of war in England, had been induced to come to Canada, partly by threats, partly by promises, to pilot the English fleet. According to the Diary of old James Thompson, both Cugnet and Davis had indicated the spot when Wolfe landed at Sillery. Stobo claimed the credit of it, and according to Panet's Diary, it was on his advice, that on the 21st July, 1759, was undertaken the expedition to Deschambeault and neighboring parishes, where 100 Quebec ladies of respectability secreted there—had been captured and brought back.

[213] "For sale, the elegant villa of the late Sir Frederic Haldimand, K.B., delightfully situated near the Falls of Montmorency, with the farm- house.—Quebec, 1st December, 1791."—Supplement to the Quebec Gazette, 22nd Dec., 1792.

[214] Our port must have presented quite a warlike aspect—over and above the Ulysses and Resistance frigates there had preceded the Prince's arrival, the following ships of war, forming part of Commodore Sawyer's squadron: The flag ship Leander, 50 guns, Capt. J. Bevelay; the Resource, Commander Paul Minihin; the Ariadne, Commander Osburn; the Thisbe, Capt. Coffin, was also arrived from a cruise, and four transports, one named the Lord Mulgrave, with detachments of the 5th, 25th and 54th regiments, were anchored before the city.

[215] The list of the partners of Prince Edward's grandson H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, at the ball, etc., given in his honour in Quebec, by the Mayor and citizens, at the Music Hall, on the 21st August, 1860, comprises: 1. Mrs. Langevin (wife of Sir H. L. Langevin, M.P.P., and Mayor of Quebec); 2. Mrs. Cartier (wife of Sir George Etienne Cartier, Attorney General); 3. Miss Irvine (daughter of Colonel Irvine, then Provincial Aide-de-Camp); 4. Miss Price; 5. Miss LeMesurier (since married to Capt. Carter); 6. Miss Derbyshire (Mrs. J. Adamson); 7. Miss Clementina Sewell; 8. Miss Caron (daughter of Hon. Justice Caron, and now wife of Mr. Justice Taschereau); 9. Lady Milne; 10. Miss Napier, of Montreal (since married to Capt. Bell); 11. Mrs. Serocold (wife of Captain Serocold and daughter of the Hon. Chief Justice Duval); 12. Miss Dunscomb (daughter of the Collector of Customs at Quebec); 13. Miss Fischer (daughter of the Attorney General of New Brunswick); 14. Miss Mountain (daughter of the late Bishop of Quebec); 15. Miss Agnes Anderson; 16. Mrs. Ross; 17. Mrs. Alex. Bell; 18. Miss Tilley (daughter of Sir Leonard Tilley); 19. Mrs. R. H. Smith.

[216] He was created Field Marshal in 1827.

[217] Monsieur Jean Laforme was, indeed, a high authority on hair dressing. Our youthful grandmothers of 1791 would have no other than Monsieur Laforme to dress their hair for the Château balls. A memorable instance has been handed down to posterity of the awful dilemma in which, either a press of engagements or an oversight, placed the Court peruquier, from which his genius alone extricated him. The beautiful Mrs. P——t, the consort of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in 179-, had to attend at a ball at the Castle St. Louis. Unfortunately she had omitted engaging in time Laforme to arrange her hair for the evening in question; and every hour of the day on which the ball was to take place, being bespoken, the hair-dresser at his wit's ends said that he would guarantee that she would yet go to the ball, but she must place herself entirely in his hands. "Well," said the Grande Dame, "what, then, am I to do?" "Bah!" said the peruquier, "'tis easily settled; I shall do your hair the day previous."—"But then how am I to sleep with my hair done up?" "Oh! that is again easily arranged—you will sleep in fauteuil. I will have your hair and head padded and strapped down." And thus was it done and she went to the ball.

[218] The Hon. Hugh Finlay was Deputy Postmaster General for Canada from 1774 to 1800, when he was succeeded by George Heriot, who wrote a folio of travels on Canada. Hugh Finlay had served under Benjamin Franklin, the first English Deputy Postmaster General for the then British American Provinces, from 1750 to 1774, when he resigned. When he took the appointment the postage on letters was insufficient to cover his salary, £300 per annum.

[219] "Away," exclaimed the Prince to the excited voters, "with those hated distinctions of English and Canadians; you are all my august father's beloved subjects."

[220] The anecdote of the officer, who, on being ordered on foreign service, cut off his queue and buried it with military honors, is humorously related by Erskine Neale, in the Duke's biography, p. 325.

[221] Christie's History of Canada.

[222] This curious incident is mentioned in the Maple Leaves for 1865, in connection with a mess dinner, when a gentleman friend of one of the young Hollands was proved to be a beautiful female in disguise, who afterwards married the brother of an English nobleman.

[223] Since these lines were written in 1865, many changes have come over Marchmont—our esteemed neighbor was suddenly called away, leaving his beautiful house to his devoted wife; she, too, alas! has paid the debt of nature in May, 1880.

[224] "Ce capitaine avait avec lui beaucoup d'habitants de Lorette, dont le lieu était à portée de ce poste; ils lui demandèrent permission d'aller travailler la nuit chez eux, il la leur accorda (on prétend que ce fut à condition d'aller aussi travailler pour lui, sur une terre qu'il avait dans cette paroisse)."—Mémoire sur les affaires du Canada, 1749-60, p. 114.

[225] Captain Chandler was appointed, in 1800, commissioner to settle the domain accruing from the Jesuits' estates; subsequently he became Seigneur of Nicolet, where he died about 1863.

[226] We give here the poetical tribute paid by Adam Kidd to a spot where he appears to have spent many happy hours, as a guest of the Percevals, together with, his notes to the poem:—

SPENCER WOOD

  Through thy green groves and deep receding bowers,
    Loved Spencer Wood! how often have I strayed,
  Or mused away the calm, unbroken hours,
    Beneath some broad oak's cool, refreshing shade

  There, not a sound disturbed the tranquil scene,
    Save welcome hummings of the roving bee,
  That quickly flitted o'er the tufted green,
    Or where the squirrel played from tree to tree.

  And I have paused beside that dimpling stream,
    Which slowly winds thy beauteous groves among
  Till from its breast retired the sun's last beam,
    And every bird had ceased its vesper song.

  The blushing arbors of those classic days,
    Through which the breathings of the slender reed,
  First softly echoed with Arcadia's praise,
    Might well be pictured in this sheltered mead.

  And blest were those who found a happy home
    In thy loved shades, without one throb of care
  No murmurs heard, save from the distant foam
    That rolled in column's o'er the great Chaudière.

  And I have watched the moon in grandeur rise
    Above the tinted maple's leafy breast,
  And take her brillant pathway through the skies,
    Till half the world seemed lulled in peaceful rest.

  Oh! these were hours whose soft enchanting spell
    Came o'er the heart in thy grove's deep recess,
  Where e'en poor Shenstone might have loved to dwell,
    Enjoying the pure balm of happiness!

  But soon, how soon, a different scene I trace,
    Where I have wandered, or oft musing stood,
  And those whose cheering looks enhanced the place,
    No more shall smile on thee, lone Spencer Wood!

"This is one of the most beautiful spots in Lower Canada, and the property (1830) of the late Hon. Michael Henry Perceval, who resided there with his accomplished family, whose highly cultivated minds rendered my visits to Spencer Wood doubly interesting. The grounds and grand walks are tastefully laid out, interspersed with great variety of trees, planted by the hand of nature. This scenery is altogether magnificent, and particularly towards the east, where the great precipices overhang Wolfe's Cove. This latter place has derived its name from the hero, who, with his British troops, nobly ascended its frowning cliffs on the 13th September, 1759, and took possession of the Plains of Abraham."—ADAM KIDD, 1830. —(The HURON CHIEF and other poems—Adam Kidd.)

[227] The illustrious Chancellor of the Exchequer, Spencer Perceval, assassinated by Bellingham on the 11th May, 1812, probably took the name of Spencer from the Earls of Egmont and Northampton, connected with the Percevals.

[228] Mrs. P. Sheppard died 28th August, 1877.

[229] Died July the 7th, 1878.

[230] Mr. P. Lowe, during many years in charge of the conservatory, furnished us with the following note:—"The hot-houses belonging to Henry Atkinson, while in my charge, consisted of pinery, stove and orchid house. In the pinery were grown specimens of the Providence, Enville, Montserrat and Queen pines—a plant of the latter variety, in fruit, being exhibited at the Horticultural Exhibition, Montreal, in September, 1852, the fruit of which weighed between five and six pounds, tang the first pine-apple exhibited of Canadian growth, but not the first grown at Spencer Wood, it was noticed in the Illustrated London News. The following are the names of a few of the plants grown in the stove-house:—Ardisia; Alamanda; Amaryllis, Achimenes; Aschynanthus, Asclepias, Begonias, Crinums, Centradinias; Calumnmas, Drymonias; Euphorbias, Franciscia; Goidfussia; Gesneras, in twelve varieties; Gloxinias, in twenty-four varieties; Gloriosa; Gardenias; Hibiscus; Inga; Ipomaea; Justicia; Lamandra; Legastrema; Musa-Cavendishii, which we fruited—the only one fruited in the province to this day, to my knowledge—the bunch of fruit weighed ninety pounds; Maranta; Melastomas, Mennetties; Nymphas; Osbeekias, Penteas, Passiflora; Peideum; Stephenotis, Streluzias; Russellea; Ruellea; Rondilitia, Tabernaemonana; Tradescantia; Vinca; Clerodendrons, &c., &c. In the orchid house, the following are a portion of the names of plants grown be me:—Bletia; Bolbophyllum; Cyppripedium; Cymbedium; Catazetum; Cattleya; Brassavoleas, Dendrobiums, Epidendrons, Aerides; Gongora; Gomezia; Maxallaria; Oncidium, Plurathalis; Pholidota; Physosiphon; Plurathalles; Peristerias, Ripsalis, Stanhopeas; Zygopetalum, &c., &c. The houses containing the above were heated by hot-water pipes for atmospheric heat and open tanks for bottom heat; they were the most complete of the kind I have seen either in Canada or Great Britain—so much so, that, during my stay with Mr. Atkinson, we used to produce for Christmas and New Year's Day pine-apples, cucumbers, rhubarb, asparagus and mushrooms, all in the same house."

[231] Mr. DeGaspé married, 1811, Susanna, daughter of Thos. Allison, Esq., a captain of the 6th Regiment, infantry, and of Theresse Baby, the latter's two brother officers, Captains Ross Lewin and Bellingham, afterwards Lord Bellingham, married at Detroit then forming part of Upper Canada, two sisters, daughters of the Hon. Jacques Duperon Baby.

[232] The copy of Audubon's works here alluded to, was the same, we opine, as that generously presented by the illustrious savant to Mr. Martyn, chronometer-maker, St Peter street,—an ardent ornithologist, whose roof sheltered the great naturalist, in Quebec in 1842.

Audubon made several excursions round Quebec to study our birds, was the honoured guest of the late Henry Atkinson, at Spencer Wood, and visited the collection of Canadian birds of Hon. William Sheppard, at Woodfield.

[233] His last work in the cause of natural history is the publication of his "Tableau Synoptique des Oiseaux du Canada," got the use of schools, which must have entailed no small amount of labour, a sequel to "Les Oiseaux du Canada," 2 vols., 1860.

[234] These stones and inscriptions were donated to the author of "Quebec Past and Present"—by the city authorities on taking down the City Gates.

[235] Pierre Herman Dosquet, born at Lille in Flanders in 1691, arrived in Canada in 1721, was shortly afterwards sent a missionary to the Lake of Two Mountains, was made a bishop in 1725, purchased Samos from Nicholas de la Nouiller, in 1731, where he built a country house in 1732. Sold it some years afterwards to the Quebec Seminary, visited France in 1733 and resigned his see and left the country in 1739 and died in Paris in 1777.

[236] Judge Adam Mabane died in 1792.

[237] A fairy plot of a flower garden was laid out near the edge of the cliff to the north-east, with a Chinese Pagoda enclosing the trunk of a large tree at one side, and a tiny Grecian temple at the other.

[238] Probably the four-gun battery mentioned in the account of the Battle of the Plains. We also find in a diary of the siege operations on the same day, "A mortar and some l8-pounders were carried to Samos, three quarters of a league from the town. Batteries were erected there, which fired before night on the man-of-war that had come to anchor opposite, L'Ance du Foulon, which was forced to sheer off."

[239] "Who can visit the sylvan abode, sacred to the repose of the departed without noticing one tomb in particular in the enclosure of Wm. Price, Esq. we allude to that of Sir Edmund Head's gifted son? The troubled waters of the St. Maurice and the quiet grave at Sillery recall as in a vision, not only the generous open-hearted boy, who perished in one and sleeps in the other, but they tell us also of the direct line of a good old family cut off—a good name passing away, or if preserved at all, preserved only on a tombstone."—Notman's British Americans.

[240] The late Bishop is the author of a collection of poems known as the Songs of the Wilderness, many of the subjects therein having been furnished in the course of his apostolic labours in the Red River settlement.

[241] The following is the extract from the True Witness referred to: "In the reign of George II, the see of York falling vacant, His Majesty being at a loss for a fit person to appoint to the exalted situation, asked the opinion of the Rev. Dr. Mountain, who had raised himself by his remarkable facetious temper to the See of Durham. The Dr. wittily replied. 'Hadst thou faith, thou wouldst say to this mountain (at the same time laying his hand on his breast) be removed and cast into the sea (see).' His Majesty laughed heartily, and forthwith conferred the preferment on the facetious doctor."

[242] "En 1865, les Iroquois furieux d'avoir vu manquer l'effet de leurs propositions faites aux Hurons, firent des incursions dans la colonie et jusqu'au bas de Québec. Au mois de mai, on plantait le blé d'Inde dans les environs de Québec; un frère Jésuite avait voulu engager les Algonquins à faire la garde chacun leur tour et pour leur donner l'exemple, le bon Frère avait voulu être la première sentinelle. Il s'était donc avancé en explorant dans les bois (c'était dans le voisinage de la propriété actuelle de M. le Juge Caron, sur le Chemin du Cap Rouge), tout â coup le Frère reçut deux coups de feu qui l'étendirent à terre grièvement blessé, et en même temps deux Iroquois, sortant d'un taillis, l'assommèrent et lui enlevèrent la chevelure. (Cours d'histoire de l'abbé Ferland à l'Université Laval). Page 4, Journal de l'Instruction Publique, pour Janvier, 1865."

[243] The Hon. Wm. Sheppard, then President of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Lady Dalhousie had presented to this Society, founded by her husband in 1824, her herbarium (see Vol. I Transactions, Literary and Historical Society, page 255).

[244] For anything good in this short sketch of our Wild Flowers, the reader is indebted to Mr. S. S. Sturton, whose paper on the Wild Flowers of Quebec was our guide.—J. M. L.

[245] Mr. Wheeler is a younger brother of J. Talboys Wheeler, the eminent writer on the classics, but better known latterly as the Historian of India.

[246] The History of Emily Montague, by Mrs. Brooke, London, 1769.

[247] It has been excessively difficult to procure even one copy of this now old book, the edition being out of print more than sixty years ago. The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, is indebted to Edwin King Esq., Post Office Inspector, Montreal, for the only copy I ever saw. Tradition recalls that Mrs. Brooks the novelist, was the wife of a military Chaplain, stationed in Quebec in 1766. [248] The vinery contains the following new varieties, etc:—Black Alicante Foster's Seedling, White, Muscat Hamburg, Lady Downs, Golden Hamburg, also the common Black Hamburg, Joslyn St. Albans, Muscat of Alexandria, Sweet Water, Black St. Peter's, &c., &c. The conservatory is stocked with seventy Camellia Japonica of the newest varieties, twenty varieties of choice Azelias; Chorozemas, Heaths, Epacris, Dillwynia, Eriostemon, Acacias, Geraniums, Fuchias, with a large collection of creeping plants, &c.

[249] William Smith was second son of Chief Justice William Smith, of Quebec, born on 7th February, 1769, educated at Kensington Grammar School, London, and came to Canada with his father in 1786. He was appointed, soon after, Clerk of the Provincial Parliament, and subsequently Master in Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada, and, in 1814, was appointed by Earl Bathurst a member of the Executive Council. He was the author of the first English "History of Canada, from its first discovery to the year 1791," a standard work in two volumes. He died at Quebec, 17th December, 1847.

William Smith married Susan, who died at Quebec, 26th Jan, 1819, daughter of Admiral Charles Webber, of the County of Hampshire, England, by whom he left five children:

  1. William Breudenell Smith, late Colonel of the 15th Regt., (now of
     London.)

  2. Charles Webber Smith, of London, married Anna Chelworth, and died in
     1879, without issue.

3. Emily Ann Smith, married the Rev. Geo., son of General Mackie, late Governor of St. Lucia, and left issue Rev. Dr. Mackie, was for years the Rector of the Anglican Cathedral at Quebec.

  4. Louisa Janet Smith, married her cousin Robert Smith, son of Chief
     Justice Sewell.

  5. Caroline Susanna Smith, married Henry, son of Andrew Stuart, M. P.,
     Quebec.—Magazine of American Hist., June 1881.

[250] A plan drawn by Jeremiah McCarthy, P. L. S., dated 1802, shows what was the Smith estate on St. Louis Street, in the early part of the century.

[251] CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM SMITH.

(1728-1793.)

Chief Justice William Smith was the eldest son of William Smith, who was a member of His Majesty's Council, and afterwards Judge of the King's Bench for the State of New York. He was born at New York, 18th June, 1728. In his youth, he was sent to a grammar school, and afterwards to Yale College, Connecticut, where he greatly distinguished himself by his learning. He was an excellent Greek and Hebrew scholar, and a thorough mathematician. He was appointed Chief Justice of New York, 24th April, 1780. At the breaking out of the rebellion in 1775, he was a staunch Loyalist, and left New York in the same vessel with the King's troops and Sir Guy Carleton, and landed at Plymouth, 16th January, 1784. As A reward for his loyalty, he was made Chief Justice of Lower Canada, 1st September, 1785, and came to Canada in the Frigate "Thistle" of 28 guns, with Lord Dorchester, the Governor-General of Canada, landing at Quebec, 23rd October, 1786. Chief Justice Smith was the author of the "History of the Province of New York, from the first settlement to the year 1732." He married, 3d November, 1752, Janet, daughter of James Livingstone, Esq., of New York, and died at Quebec, 6th December, 1793. His Royal Highness, Prince Edward, fourth son of King George III, with a numerous train of friends, followed the remains to the grave from his late dwelling on St. Louis street. He owned the land on which his son-in-law, Chief Justice Sewell, subsequently built his mansion, down, he the lot (inclusive) on which stood his dwelling, and where his son the Hon. William Smith, died in 1847. It is now the property of sheriff Chs. Alleyn.

[252] The Quebec Library Association founded by Lord Dorchester at Quebec in 1779.

[253] An accurate and interesting account of the hardships and sufferings of the band of heroes who traversed the wilderness in the campaign against Quebec 1775, by John Joseph Henry, Esq., late President of the Second Judicial District of Pennsylvania—Lancaster, printed by William Greer 1812.

Henry, according to the preface written by his daughter, was born Nov. 4th 1758, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1775—being then 17 years of age, he joined a regiment of men raised in Lancaster Co. for the purpose of joining Arnold, who at that time was stationed in Boston. His book is addressed to "my dear children" and assures them "upon the honour of a gentleman and an honest man, that every word here related, to the best of his recollection and belief is literally true." He with an officer and seven men were dispatched in advance of the army "for the purpose of ascertaining and marking the paths which were used by the Indians at the numerous places in the wilderness towards the head of the river Kennebec, and also to ascertain the course of the river Chaudière." Each day's proceedings are carefully noted, and are really highly interesting, showing the great privations they had to endure.

[254] The remains of this old French chapel were recently discovered, (the site belongs to R. R. Dobell & Co.) and a small monument erected to Father Massé who was interred there in 1646.

[255] "7th September, 1759.—Fine warm weather, Admiral Holmes' squadron weighed early this morning. At six o'clock we doubled the mouth of the Chaudière, which is near half a mile over; and at eight we came to anchor off Cap Rouge. Here is a spacious cove, into which the river St. Michael disembogues, and within the mouth of it are the enemy's floating batteries. A large body of the enemy is well entrenched round the cove, (which is of circular form) as if jealous of a descent in those parts; they appear very numerous, and may amount to about one thousand six hundred men, besides their cavalry, who are cloathed in blue, and mounted on neat horses of different colours; they seem very alert, parading and counter marching between the woods on the heights in their rear, and their breastworks, in order to make their number show to the greater advantage. The lands all around us are high and commanding, which gave the enemy an opportunity of popping at our ships, this morning, as we tacked in working up."—Knox's Journal, Siege of Quebec, 1759, vol. ii., page 56.

[256] AN EARL ON FOX-HUNTING.

The Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham addressed the following letter to the Pall Mall Gazette, in May 1870:—Sir,—The fox is tolerated, nay preserved (under the penalty of conventional ostracism against his slayers,) because he is the only animal with whose intellect man may measure himself upon equal terms without an overwhelming sense of the odds in his favour. The lion, the elephant, the ibex, the chamois, and the red deer are beasts of chase falling before man, but the fox alone can cope with him in point of intellect and sagacity, and put him to all his shifts. It is this ingredient in fox-hunting—viz: the consciousness of having to do with a foe worthy of him, which brings men of all ages, sorts, kinds, intellects, characters, and professions to the covert side, uniting together occasionally as odd an assemblage as ever went into the ark. No man, when he puts on his top-boots in the morning, can say whether he may not be about to assist at a run which may live in story like the Billesdon Coplow or the Trojan War, and of which it shall be sufficient, not only to the fortunate sportsman himself but to his descendants of the third and fourth generation, to say—he was there!

  Villiers, Cholmondeley, and Forester made such sharp play,
  Not omitting Germaine, never seen till to-day:
  Had you jug'd of these four by the trim of their pace
  At Bib'ry you'd thought they had been riding a race.
                           Billesdon Coplow.

"Their fame lives still. But what, O ye sentimentalists! would ye prepare both for fox and fox-hunter? If the fox was not regarded as the only animal possessed of these talents and capabilities, he must shortly rank as a sneaking little robber of hen-roosts, the foe of the good wife and gamekeeper, and become as extinct as a dodo. Were the fox himself consulted, I am sure that he would prefer to this ignoble fate the present pleasant life which he is in the habit of leading upon the sole condition of putting forth all his talent and dying game when wanted."

[257] I am indebted for a deal of information contained in this communication to McPherson LeMoyne, Esq., Seigneur of Crane Island, P.Q., and lately President of the Montreal Club for the protection of fish and game.

[258] Chs. Panet, Esq., ex-member for the County of Quebec.

[259] The sanguinary battle of Fontenoy was fought on the 11th May, 1745. The Duke of Cumberland, subsequently surnamed "the butcher," for his brutality at Culloden, commanding the English, &c, the French led by Maréchal de Saxe. This defeat, which took place under the eye of Louis XV cost the British 4041, their allies the Hanoverians, 2762 and the Dutch 1541 men. Success continued to attend the French arms at Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, and Dendermond, which were captured—(Lord Mahon) Wolfe, Murray and Townshend were at Fontenoy. The battle of Lauffeld took place on the 2nd July, 1747, the English commanded by Cumberland, the French by Saxe, the chief of the English Cavalry, Sir John Ligonier, being taken prisoner—(Lord Mahon). The French victory of Carillon, in which the Militia of Canada bore a conspicuous part, was won near Lake George, 8th July, 1758. The English army, under General Abercrombie, though more numerous, was repulsed with great slaughter.

[260] Chs. Tarieu de Lanaudière, Knight of St. Louis, commanded a portion of the Canadian Militia at Carillon, and also during the campaign of 1759. Under the English rule he was Aide de Camp to Sir Guy Carleton—served in 1775, and accompanied the General to England, where George III rewarded him handsomely. He was called to the Legislative Council, and appointed Deputy Postmaster General of Canada.

[261] Knox's Journal. Vol. I, p. 179.

[262] The Bureau was at the foot of Mountain Hill, next to (the Old Neptune) Chronicle Office.

[263] For many years, it was the practice to close the gates of Quebec at gun fire (10 p.m.) for carriages, leaving the wicket open only for pedestrians, in the troublous days of 1837-8, the wicket at times was closed.

[264] Mr. Jean Taché, the first owner of the "Old Neptune Inn," and of a poetical turn, wrote the first Canadian poem, intituled Tableau de la Mer.

[265] History of French Dominion in North and South America.—Jeffery, London, 1760, page 9.

[266] Montgomery Place, on the Hudson, is now the residence of Mrs. Ed. Livingston, a country seat of unrivalled beauty.—"It is," says Downing, "one of our oldest improved country seats, having been originally the residence of General Montgomery, the hero of Quebec. On the death of his widow, it passed into the hands of her brother, Edward Livingston, Esq., the late Minister in France."—page 31.

[267] Major Samuel Holland was also a first rate Engineer. He was, says Abbé Bois, one of the legatees of the late Gen. Wolfe, and died at Quebec, 28th Dec, 1801.

[268] My old friend, the late Wm. Price, Esq., of Wolfe's Field, to whose literary taste and happy memory, I am indebted for several incidents in these pages, and whose written statement I still hold, anent the mysterious stranger could not at the time furnish me with her name, it had escaped his memory, but, as he informed me since he had furnished it to Lady Head, his amiable neighbor of Spenser Wood. (Her name was Neville).

[269] The old Château Garden.—This lot, 3 acres, 3 yards, 9-1/2 feet in superficies, was granted to Major Samuel Holland by letters-patent, under the great seal, on the 12th March, 1766, with certain reservations as to the requirements for barracks or fortifications. The Major does not seem to have taken possession of it—but about 1780, General Haldimand having tendered Major Holland the sum of £800 as an indemnity for the use of the land, and the amount being refused, Government took possession of the lot and erected there a five-gun battery. Major Holland died in 1801, and by his will, dated 25th Oct., 1800, bequeathed the property to his wife, Marie Josette Rolet, and his children, John Frederick, Charlotte, Susannah and George Holland, in equal shares.

[270] The original Holland House stood a little behind the present mansion.

[271] The last will and codicil of S. Holland was executed before Chs. Voyer and colleague, N.P., at Quebec, and bears date 14th and 25th December, 1800. The Château St. Louis property is therein thus described: —"Un grand emplacement proche le Château St. Louis, donné et accordé au dit Sieur Testateur, cultivé actuellement en jardin."

[272] The Gomin road took its name from Dr. Gomin, a French botanist and physician, whose dwelling according to plans in the possession of the "Seigneurs" the Seminary of Quebec stood some two hundred years ago on or near the spot where the cottage of Jas. Connolly, Esq., now exists.

[273] This property has since passed by sherrif's sale into the hands of Arch. Campbell, Esquire, of Thornhill, and is actually owned by Israel Tarte, M.P.P.

[274] This deed was passed at Quebec before W. Fisher Scott, N.P. It purports to have been executed "in the Gaoler's Room," entre les deux guichets, in the common gaol of the district of Quebec. Some of those who signed it must have been in custody, why or wherefore does not appear.

[275] A truculent gardener, it is said, who had been left in charge, some years back, converted the monumental slabs into grinding stones, on the 15th November, 1871, a violent storm broke in twain the Holland Tree.

[276] The iron statue erected in 1863, to commemorate the Battle of St. Foye, fought April 28th, 1760.

[277] Vol. ii., p. 224.

[278] Subsequently Col. of the American Rebel Regiment called the "Congress Own."—See Quebec Gazette, 7 March, 1838.

[279] Bleak House, on the St. Louis Heights.

[280] "John King, living on General Murray's farm, at Sans bruit, having the best pasturage for cattle in the neighborhood during the summer, well watered by several runs, informs all those who may choose to send him their cows that they will be well taken care of, and that he will send them cow-herds to town every morning at six o'clock, who will bring them home every evening between five and six. The price will be two dollars for the summer, to be paid said King on St. Michael's day."— Quebec Gazette, 4th April, 1768.

[281] Cannon balls, shot and shell, and rusty bayonets have been dug up in the neighborhood. Old metallic buttons, with the figure XV., were picked up showing that they once ornamented the scarlet uniforms of many gallant fellows of that XVth Regiment, who, "at eight in the morning on the 28th April, 1760," had issued triumphantly from St. John Gate—never to return.

[282] Emery de Caen dined here with the Jesuits, 6th August, 1632.— Relations des Jésuites.

[283] Cahire-Coubat (expressive of windings, says Sagard,) called by Jacques Cartier, the river Ste. Croix (of the Holy Cross), and subsequently denominated the River St. Charles, in compliment says La Potherie, to Charles de Boues, Grand Vicar of Pontoise, founder of the first mission of the Récollets in New France.

[284] "Champlain a certainement jeté un grand jour sur cette question, en prouvant aussi bien qu'il était possible de le faire, que Jacques Cartier avait hiverné dans la rivière Saint Charles, et en faisant lui-même des investigations sur les lieux. Seulement il pourrait bien se faire qu'on pris trop à la lettre un mot de son édition de 1632, où il dit que les vaisseaux de Cartier hivernèrent là où était de son temps la demeure des Jésuites. Quant à Charlevoix, non-seulement il n'a pas, éclairci la question, mais il n'a fait que l'embrouiller. Tout ce qu'il dit la dessus, à très peu d'exception près, est plein d'erreurs, et inconciliable avec la situation et la conformation des lieux décrits par le capitaine Malouin."

[285] The late Amable Berthelot, one of our antiquarians, in reviewing the papers published by Mr. Jos. Hamel, in 1843, on the recent discovery of the wreck of the Petite Hermine, on the Ferme des Anges, at the mouth of the Lairet stream, thus expressed himself, p. 3:—"Il ne me fut pas difficile, en suivant attentivement le texte du second voyage de Jacques Cartier, tel que nous le donne Lescarbot, de prouver, jusqu'à l'évidence, que ce navigateur Malouin avait réellement passé l'hiver à la rivière St. Charles, et non à celle qui porte aujourd'hui le nom de Jacques Cartier; et je crois que depuis ma dissertation, il n'est resté en ce pays aucun doute sur ce sujet."

[286] "Le lundi, onzième jour d'octobre, nous arrivasmes au Hâble de Sainte Croix, ou estaient nos navires, et trouvasmes que les maistres et mariniers qui estaient demeurés avaient fait un fort devant lesdits navires, tout clos de grosses pièces de bois plantées debout, joignant les unes aux autres, et tout à l'entour garni d'artillerie, et bien en ordre pour se défendre contre tout le pays."—(Second voyage de Jacques Cartier, p. 48). Republished by Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in 1843. At the foot, we read, "On pense que ce fort a dû être bâti à l'endroit où la petite Rivière Lairet se décharge dans la Rivière St. Charles." "The exact spot in the River St. Charles, where Cartier moored his vessel, is supposed on good authority to have been the site of the old bridge (a little higher up than the present), called Dorchester Bridge, where there is a ford at low water, close to the Marine Hospital. That it was on the east bank, not far from the former residence of Chas. Smith, Esq., is evident from the river having been frequently crossed by the natives coming from Stadacona, to visit their French guests." (Hawkins' Picture of Quebec, p. 47) The Abbé Faillon in his elaborate work—Histoire de la Colonie Française au Canada, 1865—in some valuable notes on Jacques Cartier, p. 496, discusses the erroneous views of Charlevoix and Father Leclerc, and corroborates the accepted belief about the St. Charles and not the Jacques Cartier River, as being the spot where the great discoverer wintered in 1535-36.

[287] Would this river be the Lairet or the St. Charles? We like to give every circumstance calculated to throw light thereon: writers seem to agree that Jacques Cartier, wintered in the St. Charles, as Champlain says, in his edition of 1632, on the Jesuits' property—it may, however, have been a few acres to the east or west of the spot generally indicated.

[288] "Le Capitaine fit renforcer le Fort tout à l'entour de gros fossés, larges, et profonds avec porte à pont-levis et renforts de rangs ou pans de bois au contraire des premiers. Et fut ordonné pour le guet de la nuit…. cinquante hommes à quatre quarts, et à chacun changement des dits quarts les trompettes sonnantes; ce qui fut fait selon la dite ordonnance."—Voyage de Jacques Cartier, page 52.

[289] It is evident that the Beauport entrenchments were to be on a vast scale In those days of corvées and forced labor, when it was merely necessary to command de par le roi, it was easy to bring together large bodies of men. "M. de Montcalm arrive à Québec (from Montréal), commanda tout le monde pour travailler à des retrenchements qui furent tracés vers une paroisse nominée Beauport. Comme il pensait que ces ouvrages ne seraient pas en état avant l'arrivée des vaisseaux anglais, ce qui pourrait être d'un jour à l'autre, il envoya un ordre à M. de Lévis, qui était à Montréal, de commander, générallement, tous les hommes de ce gouvernement à de descendre à Québec, et qu'on avait besoin d'un coup de main. Il envoya à cet égard des ordres précis et conformes, dans tontes les paroisses, qui mirent tout le monde en mouvement." (Memoirs sur les affaires du Canada, 1749-1760.) Finally, Vaudreuil decided that Montreal would furnish 1,500 men only for this service.

[290] This bake-house appears to have been somewhere at the foot of Abraham's Hill.

[291] It crossed the St Charles a little higher than the Marine Hospital, exactly at the foot of Crown Street.

[292] A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built on this spot, exactly across the main road, at Brown's mills, Beauport.

[293] The Great River. Such was the name the Lorette Huron Indians pressed Hon. Mr. Panet to take when they elected him their honorary chief.

[294] A famous Chasseur of Lake St. Charles.

[295] Robert Buchanan's fine lines describe well the sudden coming of winter:

           "Then, with a gust,
  Old Winter tumbled shrieking from the hills,
  His white Hair flowing in the wind."

[296] Emma Duchesnay, wife of Robt. LeMoine, Esq., Ottawa, was the last born there.

[297] Beauport Church, it is said, was built on this Fief du Buisson.

[298] "Une chandelle faite avec la graisse d'un pendu."

[299] Le mot chirurgien—qui était la profession de Gifart, se présente naturellement, mais l'article manque….Oh! le C, si c'était un R? plus de doute l'affaire serait claire.

[300] NOTE.—In a parliamentary Document of 1852, it is stated to have been conceded on 15th January, 1634.

[301] By an ordinance of the Special Council, obtained through Sir Poulet Thompson, in the troublous times of 1838-41, these gentlemen made safe their well-beloved charter.

[302] Mr. Ryland, writing to Sir James Craig under date 22nd August, 1810, thus describes his interview with the Ministers of State, the Earl of Liverpool, Lord Bathurst, Mr. Percival, Mr. Peel, Lord Camden, the Marquis of Wellesey, &c "On entering the room I found it was a meeting of the Cabinet Ministers, eight in number, Lord Liverpool desired me to take a seat between him and Mr. Percival…. I then repeated an observation I had made in my first interview with Lord Liverpool, concerning Bédard in particular as the leader of the anti-government party, who has now so committed himself as to render it impossible he be employed….

"H. W. RYLAND."

(Christie's History of Canada.)

[303] MR. RYLAND TO SIR J. H. CRAIG, K.B.

London, 14th August, 1810.

"Dear Sir,—I yesterday had the honor to dine with the Earl of Liverpool at Coombe Wood; the party consisted of His Lordship, Lady Liverpool, Lord and Lady Bathurst, Lord Ashley and his sister, I believe, Sir Joseph and Lady Banks, Mr. Peel the Under-Secretary of State, and a lady whose name I do not recollect.

I had some conversation with Mr. Peel, before dinner, concerning the state of things in Canada, and I was mortified to find that he had but an imperfect idea of the subject….

He told me that he had read Lord Granville's despatch of October, 1789, to Lord Dorchester, which I had recommended to his attention, and he seemed to think a re-union of the Provinces a desirable object….

H. W. RYLAND."

(Christie's History of Canada.)

[304] In 1871, Mr. John Henderson Galbraith expired at Mount Lilac, leaving to his widow his beautiful country-seat, on which he had expended some $25,000. The foundry or machine shop was closed, and under the intelligent care of Miss Elizabeth Galbraith, Mount Lilac continues to produce each summer ambrosial fruit and exquisite flowers.

[305] Originally a brewery owned by Intendant Talon, and sold to the French King, in 1686 for 15,000 écus. Later on the Intendant's Palace, in magnificence rivalled the Château St. Louis.

[306] Kahir-Koubat "a meandering stream" Ahatsistari's house (formerly "Poplar Grove," the homestead of L. T. McPherson, Esq.), on the north bank of the St. Charles, was called Kahir-Koubat by N. Monpetit. Here formerly dwelt, we are told, Col. De Salaberry, the hero of Châteauguay, until 1814.

[307] Beyond the unmistakable vestiges of its having been of early French construction, there is nothing known of the origin under French rule, of Bigot's little Château. History is replete with details about his peculations and final punishment in the Bastile of France; possibly the legends in prose and in verse, which mantle round the time-worn rein, have no other foundation than the fictions of the poet and the novelist. Thanks to Amédée Papineau, W. Kirby, Jos. Mannette, Beaumanoir, Bigot's Château, is now immortalized in song.

[308] Ahatsistari, such the name of the former great Huron warrior, which Mr. Montpetit was allowed to assume when recently elected Honorary Chief of the Council of Sachems, possibly for the service rendered to the tribe as their historiographer.

[309] The French named the Wyandats, Hurons, from their style of wearing their hair—erect and thrown back, giving their head, says the Historian Ferland, the appearance of a boar's head, "une hure de sanglier."

[310] The Dutch called them Maquas; the English, Mohawks, probably from the name of the river Mohawk which flows into the Hudson.

[311] The Mission of St. Joseph, composed of 400 Huron families, was suddenly attacked by the Iroquois on the 4th July, 1648.

[213] St. Ignace was surprised and taken on 16th March, 1649.

[313] Ste. Marie mission-house was given to the flames by the Jesuits themselves on 15th May, 1649.

[314] St Jean was ravaged on 7th December, 1649.

[315] This parish was called after the celebrated Church of Santa Casa, of Loretto, in Italy. The Huron Missionary, Father Chaumonot, had arranged their huts around the church, which he had erected in imitation of the Loretto Chapel in Italy, where he had seen a vision of angels.

[316] A census of the settlement taken on 19th January, 1879, exhibits the population as composed of 326 souls, divided as follows:—Adult Males, 94; Adult Females, 137; Boys, 49; Girls, 56. Total, 336. 143 males to 193 females; bachelors must have been at a premium in the settlement. We understood that a complete history of the tribe is now in course of preparation by the Rev. Prosper Vincent, a son of Chief Vincent.

[317] An excellent sketch in French has been published of Tahourenche and his tribe, in the Opinion Publique, under the nom de plume of Ahatsistari, which we think ourselves warranted in crediting to the elegant pen of A. N. Montpetit, one of their honorary Chiefs.

[318] Probably the same as alluded to in a quaint old engraving, presented us by John Neilson, Esq., P.L.S., a son of the Hon. John Neilson, himself an honorary Chief of the Lorette Hurons. Under the portrait of Chief Nicholas is printed "Nicholas Vincent Isawanhoni," principal Christian chief and Captain of the Huron Indians, established at La Jeune Lorette, near Quebec, habited in the costume of his country, as when presented to his Majesty George IV. on the 7th of April, 1826, with three other chiefs of his nation, by Generals Brock and Carpenter; the chief bears in his hand the wampum or collar, on which is marked the tomahawk given by his late Majesty George III. The gold medal on his neck was the gift of his Majesty on this presentation.

"They were accompanied and introduced into England on the 14th December, 1824, by Mr. W. Cooper, who though an Englishman, they state to be a chief of their nation, and better known to them as chief Tourhaunchi."

N.B.—It may be well to say that from the earliest times the Lorette Indians have been in the habit of electing as "Honorary Chiefs" Quebecers of note, who may have rendered service to the tribe. A large oil painting is now in the possession of William D. Campbell, Esq., of Quebec, exhibiting the installation as a Chief, in 1837, of the late Robert Symes, J.P., of Quebec.

[319] Ononthio means the Great Mountain, the name the Indians gave Governor de Montmagny and his successors.

[320] The 8 is pronounced oui.

[321] May, 1675, Louis XIV and Colbert granted Monsieur le Comte Talon, Intendant, the Seigniory des Islets, "together with those three neighboring villages to us belonging the first called Bourg Royal, the second Bourg La Reine, the third, Bourg Talon, subsequently changed into the Barony of Orsainville."—(Ferland, Vol. II p 59.)

[322] I am happy to be able to throw some additional light on the early times of this mysterious ruin, which has much perplexed Quebec antiquaries. 'Tis probable this stately mansion was built by the great Intendant Talon as the baronial château, permitted by his grant, (see Seignorial Documents, 1852,—page 444 and 488) according to which he was empowered to establish gaols, "a four-post gibbet, a post with an iron collar on which his arms should be engraved." Of all this redoubtable feudal pomp there are no vestiges now extant. How the château fared from Talon's time to Bigot's, remains a mystery.

After the conquest, the land came by purchase into the possession of the Stewart family, lately represented by Charles Grey Stewart—a most interesting and lengthy letter from Charles Stewart, describing the winter months spent in the Hermitage in 1775-6, whilst Arnold held for Congress the environs of Quebec, will be given hereafter, Mr. Wm. Crawford the late owner of the land and ruins, having kindly allowed me the use of his title deeds. I find therein stated "Charles Stewart, avocat et notaire demeurant à Québec, propriétaire du fief de Grand Pré, autrefois dit De la Mistanguenne ou Mont Plaisir, à la Canardière par acte de vente du 26 Juin 1780, devant Jean Antoine Panet, N.P., concède a titre de cens et rentes seigneuriales … à Monsieur Jean Lees, le Jeune, Simon Fraser, le Jeune, et William Wilson, négotiant en cette ville, 10 arpents de front situés dans le fief Grand Pré ou Mont Plaisir à la Canardière an lieu nommé la Montagne on l'Hermitage, prenant d'un bout, vers le sud aux terres de Joseph Bédard, et Jean Baptiste Le Roux dit Cardinal, et allant en profondeur vers le nord quatorze arpents ou environ, jusqu'à la vieille clôture du verger, icelui verger compris en la présente concession et vente, les dix arpents de front joignant du côté du sud-ouest ou fief de la Trinité, appartenant au Séminaire, et du côté du nord-ouest à la terre de Jean Chattereau, ensemble la maison à deux étages, une grange et un étable en bois, construits sur les dits dix arpents."

[Translation.]

"Charles Stewart, advocate and notary, residing at Quebec, proprietor of the Fief Grand Pré, formerly styled De la Mistanguenne or Mont Plaisir, at the Canardière, by deed of sale, bearing date the 26th June, 1780, before Jean Ant. Panet, N.P., conceded à titre de cens et rentes Seigneuriales … to Mr. Jean Lees, junior, Simon Fraser, junior, and William Wilson, merchants of this city, ten arpents, in front, situated in the Fief Grand Pré, or Montplaisir, at the Canardière, at the place named The Mountain or the Hermitage, beginning on one side, towards the south, at the lands of Joseph Bédard and Jean Baptiste LeRoux dit Cardinal, and running in the depth towards the north, fourteen arpents or thereabouts, to the old orchard fence—said orchard included in this concession and deed of sale, the ten arpents in part joining towards the north-west, to the Fief de la Trinité belonging to the (Quebec) Seminary, and on the north-east side joining the land of Jean Chattereau, together with the two-story house, barn, wooden stable, built on the said ten arpents."

The property was resold the 12th August, 1805, by John Lees, et al., to
Charles Stewart, Esq., Comptroller of Customs, Quebec. It is now owned by
Léger Brousseau, Esq.

[323] The fascinating daughter of Lord Clifford, famous in the legendary history of England, as the mistress of Henry II. shortly before his accession to the throne, and the subject of an old ballad. She is said to have been kept by her royal lover in a secret bower at Woodstock, the approaches to which formed a labyrinth so intricate that it could only be discovered by the clew of a silken thread, which the king used for that purpose. Here Queen Eleanor discovered and poisoned her, about 1173.— (Noted names of Fiction, 1175. See also Woodstock—Waverley Novels.)

[324] I am indebted to my late old friend the Abbé Ferland for the following remark: "I visited Château Bigot during the summer of 1834. It was in the state described by Mr. Papineau in the interior, the walls were still partly papered. It must not be forgotten that about the beginning of this century a club of Bons-vivant used to meet frequently in the Château."

Three celebrated clubs nourished here long before the Stadacona and St. James' Club were thought of. The first was formed in Quebec, about the beginning of this century. It was originally called (after its London prototype) says Lambert, the Beef Steak Club, which name it soon changed for that of the Barons Club. It consisted of twenty-one members, "who are chiefly the principal merchants in the colony, and are styled barons. As the members drop off, their places are filled by knights elect, who are not installed as barons until there is a sufficient number to pay for the entertainment which is given on that occasion." John Lambert, during the winter of 1807, attended one of the banquets of installation, which was given in the Union Hotel (now the Journal de Quebec office, facing the Place d'Armes.) The Hon. Mr. Dunn, the President of the Province, and Administrator, during the absence of Sir Robert S. Milnes, attended as the oldest baron. The Chief Justice and all the principal officers of the government, civil and military, were present. This entertainment cost 250 guineas. "The Barons Club," says W. Henderson, "was a sort of Pitt Club,—all Tories to the back-bone. It was a very select affair—and of no long duration. Among the members, if my memory serves me right, were John Coltman, George Hamilton, Sir John Caldwell, Sir George Pownall, Herman Wistius Byland, George Heriott, (Postmaster and author) Hon. Matthew Bell, Gilbert Ainslie, Angus Shaw." (Notes of W. Henderson.)

The other club went under the appropriate name of "Sober Club,"—lucus a non lucendo perhaps: it flourished about 1811; we believe one of the By-laws enacted that the members were expected to get elevated at least once a year. It seems to be more than likely that it was the Club of Barons, and not the Sober Club, who caroused under the romantic walls of the Hermitage. The third Club flourished at Montreal in 1785 and later, it took the name of the Beaver Club) and was, I believe, composed of old Northwesters.

[325] It is painful to watch the successive inroads perpetrated by sportsmen and idlers on the old Château. In 1819, an old Quebecer, Mr. Frederick Wyse, visited it; doors, verandah, windows and everything else was complete. He, too, lost his way in the woods, but found it again without the help of an Indian beauty. It was then known as the haunted house, supposed to contain a deal of French treasure, and called La Maison du Bourg Royal.

[326] Error—he was a bachelor. These unions were not uncommon. We find the Baron de St. Castin marrying Matilda, the daughter of Madocawando—an Indian beauty; he became a famous Indian Chief, helping D'Iberville, in Acadia, and left a numerous progeny of olive colored princesses with eyes like a gazelle's.

[327] Melospiza melodia.

[328] Zonotrichia leuchophry.

[329] The Hon. Mr. Dunn, Administrator of the Province in 1807, was the senior baron; Hons. Matthew Bell, John Stewart, Messrs. Muir, Irvine, Lester, McNaught, Grey Stewart, Munro, Finlay, Lymburner, Paynter; these names were doubtless also to be found amongst the Canadian barons; the Hon. Chas. de Lanaudière, once a general in the Hungarian service, was the only French Canadian member.

[330] Book of Carthon.

[331] From Travellers' Guide Book, 1829.

APPENDIX

[332] See Quebec Past and Present, page 34.

[333] Relation de 1665, p. 25, Journal des Jésuites, 10 juillet 1665.

[334] Lettres de Marie de l'Incarnation, lettre 76e, p. 621.

[335] Archives de la Marine, vol. Canada, T. II, de 1670 à 1676, 20 août 1670.

[336] Ibid., lettres de Colbert à M. Talon, 11 février 1671.

[337] Relation de 1668, p. 3.

[338] Relation de 1667, p. 3.

[339] Archives de la Marine. Registre des dépêches de Colbert pour les Indes, 1671, fol. 18.

[340] Relation de 1672, p. 2.

[341] Archives de la Marine. Registre des dépêches, ann. 1674 et 1675. Lettre du 16 mai 1674 à M. de Frontenac.

[342] Mémoire pour servir d'Intruction à Monsieur le Comte de Frontenac sur l'Entreprise de la Nouvelle-York, 7 juin 1689.

[343] The names of the Huguenot families who settled New Oxford, as far as ascertained, are as follows—

1 Montee, 1 Bureau l'aîné, 1 Jermon, 1 Peter Cante, 1 Jean Maillet, 1 Elle Dupeu, 2 Ober Germon, 2 Jean Martin, 1 Andre Segourne, 1 Jean Milleton, 4 Bertrand De Tuffeau, 3 M. Baurdille, 6 Rene Grignon, M. Germaine, 5 M. Alard, M. Boudinot, Benj. Faneuil, Jean Beaudoin. 1 J. Dupeu,

[344] In 1870, when these lines were penned, the massive gates, hoary with age, were already doomed—a portion of the materials like the stones of Nelson's Abbey were robbed to build up houses near by.

[345] Memoirs de P.A. DeGaspé.

[346] The quips, pranks and bon mots of this jolly corps would fill a small volume. The bar was represented by the witty Chief Justice Vallière, the fun loving Charles Richard Ogden, afterwards Attorney- General, and recently Judge of the Isle of Wight; and the army by a choice spirit of the 71st, Col. Denny.

[347] Market and cemetery have since disappeared.

[348] In this niche, at the time of the conquest, could be seen, just over the door of the house, a statue of St John the Baptist. The inhabitants, fearing that the introduction of so many heretics in Sept., 1769, might subject the saint's statue to slight, had conveyed it to the General Hospital nunnery, where Mr. D. De Gaspé asserts, it is to this day. To fill its place, nothing occurred to the minds of the English, as more suitable, than the wooden image of their young hero, Wolfe. As there is a clause in the title deeds of this property making it incumbent on the owners to maintain constantly in repair "General Wolfe," the "General" it is to be hoped, will continue to flourish for many years yet—the only notable difference being that, by his elevation of late years, he appears closer to heaven than in the days of the Cholette Brothers, and therefore safer from the attacks of practical jokers, middies, &c.

[349] Where the Music Hall, Louis street, has since been erected. The first meeting of the Quebec City Corporation took place about 1834 in the same house which Miss Napier had rented.

[350] Wolfe and Montcalm's monument in process of erection in 1827, was recently restored, thanks to the efforts of Hy. Fry, Esq., and of a few other public-spirited citizens.

End of Project Gutenberg's Picturesque Quebec, by James MacPherson Le Moine