by Hippolyte A. Taine

by Hippolyte A. Taine

CONTENTS

THE ANCIENT REGIME

INTRODUCTION
PREFACE:
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR: ON POLITICAL IGNORANCE AND WISDOM.

BOOK FIRST. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT SOCIETY.

CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN OF PRIVILEGES.

I. Services and Recompenses of the Clergy.
II. Services and Recompenses of the Nobles.
III. Services and Recompenses of the King.

CHAPTER II. THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES.

I. Number of the Privileged Classes.
II. Their Possessions, Capital, and Revenue.
III. Their Immunities.
IV. Their Feudal Rights.
V. They may be justified by local and general services.

CHAPTER III. LOCAL SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES.

I. Examples in Germany and England.—These services are not rendered by
II. Resident Seigniors.
III. Absentee Seigniors.

CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES.

I. England compared to France.
II. The Clergy
III. Influence of the Nobles..
IV. Isolation of the Chiefs
V. The King's Incompetence and Generosity.
VI. Latent Disorganization in France.

BOOK SECOND. MORALS AND CHARACTERS.

CHAPTER I. MORAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME.

The Court and a life of pomp and parade.
I. Versailles.
The Physical aspect and the moral character of Versailles.
II. The King's Household.
III. The King's Associates.
IV. Everyday Life In Court.
V. Royal Distractions.
VI. Upper Class Distractions.
VII. Provincial Nobility.

CHAPTER II. DRAWING ROOM LIFE.

I. Perfect only in France
II. Social Life Has Priority.
III. Universal Pleasure Seeking.
IV. Enjoyment.
V. Happiness.
VI. Gaiety.
VII. Theater, Parade And Extravagance.

CHAPTER III. DISADVANTAGES OF THIS DRAWING ROOM LIFE.

I. Its Barrenness and Artificiality
II. Return To Nature And Sentiment.
III. Personality Defects.

BOOK THIRD. THE SPIRIT AND THE DOCTRINE.

CHAPTER I. SCIENTIFIC ACQUISITION.

I. Scientific Progress.
II. Science Detached From Theology.
III. The Transformation Of History.
IV. The New Psychology.
V. The Analytical Method.

CHAPTER II. THE CLASSIC SPIRIT, THE SECOND ELEMENT.

I. Through Colored Glasses.
II. Its Original Deficiency.
III. The Mathematical Method.

CHAPTER III. COMBINATION OF THE TWO ELEMENTS.

I. Birth Of A Doctrine, A Revelation.
II. Ancestral Tradition And Culture.
III. Reason At War With Illusion.
IV. Casting Out The Residue Of Truth And Justice.
V. The Dream Of A Return To Nature.
VI. The Abolition Of Society. Rousseau.
VII: The Lost Children.

CHAPTER IV. ORGANIZING THE FUTURE SOCIETY.

I. Liberty, Equality And Sovereignty Of The People.
II. Naive Convictions
III. Our True Human Nature.
IV. Birth Of Socialist Theory, Its Two Sides.
V. Social Contract, Summary.

BOOK FOURTH. THE PROPAGATION OF THE DOCTRINE.

CHAPTER I.—SUCCESS OF THIS PHILOSOPHY IN FRANCE.—FAILURE OF THE SAME

I. The Propagating Organ, Eloquence.
II. Its Method.
III. Its Popularity.
IV. The Masters.

CHAPTER II. THE FRENCH PUBLIC.

I. The Nobility.
II. Conditions In France.
III. French Indolence.
IV. Unbelief.
V. Political Opposition.
VI. Well-Meaning Government.

CHAPTER III. THE MIDDLE CLASS.

I. The Past.
II. CHANGE IN THE CONDITION OF THE BOURGEOIS.
III. Social Promotion.
IV. Rousseau's Philosophy Spreads And Takes HOLD.
V. Revolutionary Passions.
VI. Summary

BOOK FIFTH. THE PEOPLE

CHAPTER I. HARDSHIPS.
I. Privations.
II. The Peasants.
III. The Countryside.
IV. The Peasant Becomes Landowner.

CHAPTER II. TAXATION THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF MISERY.

I. Extortion.
II. Local Conditions.
III. The Common Laborer.
IV. Collections And Seizures.—Observe the system actually at work. It
V. Indirect Taxes.
VI. Burdens And Exemptions.
VII. Municipal Taxation.
VIII. Complaints In The Registers.

CHAPTER III. INTELLECTUAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE.

I. Intellectual incapacity
II. Political incapacity
III. Destructive impulses
IV. Insurrectionary leaders and recruits

CHAPTER IV. THE ARMED FORCES.

I. Military force declines
II. The social organization is dissolved
III. Direction of the current

CHAPTER V. SUMMARY.

I. Suicide of the Ancient Regime.
II. Aspirations for the 'Great Revolution.'

END OF VOLUME