Vol. 7 — October 2026
Cover of Ethics

Ethics

Baruch Spinoza · English

Spinoza's Ethics, written in Latin and published in 1677, shortly after his death, sets out a complete philosophical system in the manner of geometry,…

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Pagera Editor's Note

Spinoza's Ethics, written in Latin and published in 1677, shortly after his death, sets out a complete philosophical system in the manner of geometry, with definitions, axioms, propositions, and proofs. Part I argues that there is only one substance, God or Nature, of which all particular things are modes. The following parts treat the nature of the mind and its relation to the body, the origin and nature of the emotions, human bondage to the passions, and the freedom that comes from understanding, culminating in the intellectual love of God. The text opens directly with the definitions of Part I, Concerning God.

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